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Physics exam 2 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Newton’s first lawis known as:

A

law of inertia

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2
Q

Newton’s first law states

A

A body in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by another force.

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3
Q

Newton’s second lawis known as:

A

law of acceleration

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4
Q

Newton’s second law states

A

Acceleration of a body is in the direction of and proportional to the force (F), and that acceleration (a) is inverse to the mass (m) of the body,F = ma.If multiple forces exist, the direction and acceleration are proportional to the sum of all the forces. These are calledvectors.

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5
Q

Which of newtons law describes vectors?

A

2nd law

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6
Q

Newton’s third lawis known as:

A

law of reciprocal action

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7
Q

Newton’s third law states

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Objects exert equal but opposite forces on one another.

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8
Q

Force

A

a push or pull
mass multiplied by acceleration
the energy required to move an object

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9
Q

The strongest pulling force is:

A

gravity

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10
Q

formula for force:

A

F = ma

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11
Q

What is gravity (numerically)?

A

9.81 N

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12
Q

How is force measured (units)

A

Newton

or dyne if very small

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13
Q

Newton (N) means:

A

force of gravity applied to 1 kg weight 1m/sec

equal to the force that would give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per second

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14
Q

Dyne:

A

force of gravity applied to 1 gram weight 1cm/sec

the force that would give a mass of one gram an acceleration of one centimeter per second

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15
Q

1 newton = ____ dyne

A

100,000 dynes

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16
Q

2 clinical examples of things we measure in dynes:

A

SVR and PVR

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17
Q

Pulmonary vascular resistance:

A

the force against which flow from the right ventricle must overcome for blood to enter pulmonary artery.

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18
Q

Systemic vascular resistance:

A

the peripheral vascular force the left ventricle must overcome for blood to enter the aorta and circulate to body

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19
Q

What happens in CHF in respect to force?

A

the force that the ventricle is working against changes the way the ventricle works and looks, increased SVR

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20
Q

Pressure formula:

A

pressure = force/area

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21
Q

If you decrease the area and maintain same pressure, will force increase, decrease, or stay same?

A

also decrease, based on pressure = force/area

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22
Q

Pressure increases when force ______ or area ______

A

force increases or area decreases

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23
Q

Pressure decreases when force ______ or area ______

A

force decreases or area increases

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24
Q

force and area are ______ (inversely/directly) related

A

directly

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25
Q

PSI stands for

A

pounds per square inch

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26
Q

what in clinical practice is measured in PSI?

A

gas cylinder

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27
Q

Conversions: 1 kPa = ___ Pa

A

1000 Pa

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28
Q

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ torr

A

760 torr

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29
Q

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ mmHg

A

760 mmHg

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30
Q

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ bar

A

1.013 bar

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31
Q

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ psi

A

14.7 psi

32
Q

Conversions: 1 bar = ___ Pa = ____ kPa

A

100,000 Pa

100 kPa

33
Q

area of a circle formula:

A

A= pi x r^2

34
Q

When calculating force and given N and diameter of a circle in cm, the diameter (or radius) must be converted to what unit?

A

METERS

because newton = m/sec

35
Q

When you double the diameter or radius, what would happen to the pressure?

A

decrease 4 fold

decrease by factor of 4

36
Q

When you triple the diameter or radius, what would happen to the pressure?

A

decrease 9 fold

decrease by factor of 9

37
Q

When you half the diameter or radius, what would happen to the pressure?

A

increase 4 fold

increase by factor of 4

38
Q

oscillate:

A

periodic fluctuation between two things

Back and forth motion at a regular speed

39
Q

How do our BP cuffs work?

A

oscillometry
cuff inflates, as it deflates and releases pressure from occluding, blood oscillates under cuff with every beat of the heart

40
Q

How does oscillometry measure BP?

A

Physically measures the mean pressure (MAP) and calculates the systolic and diastolic pressures.
as cuff deflates and releases pressure from occluding, blood oscillates under cuff with every beat of the heart

41
Q

As BP site moves more peripherally, the systolic pressure tends to _____ and diastolic pressure to ____

A

systolic increases, diastolic decreases

42
Q

What happens to pulse pressure as BP cuff moves form bicep to calf?

A

increases, because systolic increases and diastolic decreases

43
Q

How is oscillometry affected in patients with cardiac arrhythmias?

A

less accurate/less reliable

44
Q

Where is pulse pressure lowest?

a. Over bicep
b. Over forearm
c. Over thigh
d. Over calf

A

A. over bicep
as move further from heat, pulse pressure is greater
close to heart, pulse pressure is lower

45
Q

Where is pulse pressure highest?

a. Over bicep
b. Over forearm
c. Over thigh
d. Over calf

A

d. calf, most peripheral

46
Q

NIBP may be inaccurate with what heart rhythm?

a. a fib
b. a flutter

A

a fib- irregularly irregular, so NIBP via oscillometry will likely be less reliable

a flutter is not an irregular rhythm, its an arrhythmia but it is regular

47
Q

In cath lab you have a patient with atrial fib. most accurate way to measure BP is:

A

a-line

48
Q

quantity that possesses magnitude only, no motion or direction

A

scalar

49
Q

quantity that possesses magnitude AND direction

A

vector

50
Q

ECG is: ____ (scalar/vector)

A

vector

51
Q

speed is: ____ (scalar/vector)

A

scalar

52
Q

mass is: ____ (scalar/vector)

A

scalar

53
Q

force is: ____ (scalar/vector)

A

vector

54
Q

acceleration is: ____ (scalar/vector)

A

vector

55
Q

work is: ____ (scalar/vector)

A

scalar

56
Q

describes the relationship between heat & energy

A

Thermodynamics

57
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Conservation of Energy- Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only transformed

58
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy Law-Energy moves toward greater entropy, disorder, randomness.
Heat flows from a hot body to a cold body

59
Q

3rd law of thermodynamics

A

Absolute zero is an abstract theoretical state that is never achieved.
when approaching this state (absolute zero) entropy decreases to a minimum value

60
Q

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

A

thermal equilibrium state where there is no transfer of heat energy from object A to object B
if no heat transfer, it is because objects share same temperature

61
Q

Heat travels from ____ to _____

A

hot to cold

62
Q

calorie (c)

lowercase

A

amount of energy to raise the temp of 1 g of water one degree Celsius

63
Q

1000 calories = ____ kCal

A

1

64
Q

1000 calories = ____ C

A

1

65
Q

1 calorie = ______ J

A

4.184 J

66
Q

1 Calorie = ______ J

A

4184 J

67
Q

measure of the degree of hotness or coldness

A

temperature

68
Q

energy that is transferred from a hot to a cold object

A

heat

69
Q

ratio of the amount of heat added to or taken from an object and the temp

A

heat capacity

70
Q

heat capacity depends on

A

object mass and material type of the object

71
Q

formula for heat capacity

A

c= Q/(change in temp)

72
Q

formula for specific heat

A

c= Q/(mass x change in temp)

mass in kg

73
Q

large specific heat means ________ heat to raise temp

A

large amount of heat (energy) to raise temp

74
Q

small specific heat means ________ heat to raise temp

A

small amount of heat to raise temp

75
Q

an object with a large specific heat is a:

A

good thermal insulator

76
Q

an object with a small specific heat is a

A

good thermal conductor

Physics exam 2 (3 decks)

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