Lecture 2 Flashcards
Definition: physiology
The study of functions within an organism.
Definition: anatomy
The study of structures.
Only known cells in the body to have flagella.
Sperm cells.
Levels of organization.
Molecules - organelles - cells - tissues - organs - systems - organism.
Definition: differentiate.
Specialize.
Types of tissue in organs.
Epithelium, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue.
Blood is…
A transport medium.
Definition: homeostasis.
Keeping the internal environment stable while the external environment fluctuates.
The immune system in the blood is part of which system?
The distribution system.
Definition: histology.
The study of tissues.
Definition: gross anatomy.
The study of the body and its parts using only the naked eye.
Definition: microanatomy.
The study of tissues and cells.
How does the heart beat?
Electrical signals stimulate myocytes (muscle cells) to contract. Intercalated discs within the heart help propagate the electrical signals.
What causes channels to open and close within the heart?
Ion gradient fluctuation.
Which systems connect to the whole body?
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Which systems control everything?
The endocrine and nervous system.
What does the endocrine system govern?
Long-acting and long-term processes (examples: puberty, pregnancy, lactation).
Function of the digestive system.
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, which then enter the blood.
Definition: cells.
The smallest living units.
Characteristics of mammalian cells.
They are surrounded by a cytoplasm within a membrane, and they have a nucleus.
Role of mitochondria.
Energy production.
Role of Golgi.
Packaging and post-translational modification.
Mitosis.
Division of DNA and its packaging materials (histones). When the cell prepares to divide, chromatin condenses into chromosomes; this causes all transcriptional activity to stop.
Which type of cells can undergo mitosis?
All cells that can regenerate.