lecture 2 Flashcards
After World War 2
1947: the Marshall plan
1955: Bandung conference
1959: Cuban revolution
1961: Alliance for progress
1960s World Bank view on development
economic growth -> improved living conditions in the development countries
White elephants
foreign sponsored infrastructure that failed to help the development of a country due to the lack of connection to the countries economy
development in the 1970s
United Nations: Basic needs approach
‘Redistribution of Growth’ - (e.g. through taxes)
integrated rural development projects - in the beginning development was focused on industrialization. Now it also focussus on education, health, and agriculture. (better seeds)
1970s / 1980s Washington consensus
1970s: ‘Oil crisis’
- Petrodollars
- highly indebted (military) development states
Liberalization
- Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)
End of Cold War
SAP conditions
- Withdrawal of the State: an enabling state
- Deregulation
- Reduction of expenditures
- End of Subsidies
- Privatization
- Elimination of protection
- Financial reforms
1990s - 2000s
Emergence of Eastern Europe (After the fall of the Wall)
- transition countries
Continuation of neo-liberal strategies:
- But also safety nets, and... - Focus on institutions - Human rights - Decentralization - 'Good Governance' --> a role for civil society
Many donors shifted their donations from Latin America to Eastern Europe
1989 World Bank brought out an report on years of aid in Africa. Conclusion: the lack of increased development due to lack of good governance.
Development elements need addressing in making a proposal
Gender: in making a proposal state clear benefits to both genders.
Sustainable development: show you have eye to the environmental impact of your proposal. How will you tackle these impacts
Poverty reduction / Eridication
- Debt Relief
- HIPC - initiative ( Highly Indebted Poor Countries)
- poor countries invited to write a paper on how
they would deal with their poverty, if this was a
sound a particapatory paper, they would get soft
loans and debt reliefs. They were written by
consultants hired by their governments.
- PRSPs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers)
- The outcome of these papers often favoured the economy of the donor country. E.g. Bolivia was closely linked to the Netherlands. A mean challenge the paper found was better water management: What a Suprise! The Netherlands was very good at water management.
UN Conferences
1992: Environment and Development
- agenda 21
1993: Human Rights
1995: Women and Development
1995: Social Summit
1996: Urbanization
- habitat Agenda
2000: Millennium Summit
- millennium Declaration
2002: Sustainable Development
2007 & 2009: Climate Change
Millennium Villages
- 15 African villages
- Initiated by Columbia University (Jeffrey Sachs) and the UN
- Various funding agencies (60USD/inhabitants/year)
- Highly criticized –> they try to alter their outcome in their reporting, make it more positive. (slide ‘getting better … but why). ‘by isolating them they dont take into account other influences’
Right Based Approaches
- Duty bearers and right holder (governments and the people)
- Equal rights and acces for all (no discrimination)
- Social justice: eliminating social disparities and inequalities.
- Relationship between state and its citizens put center stage
- Creating the conditions under which people can live with dignity and peace and develop their full potential
Comparing MDG vs RBA
- The poor as objects vs The poor as agents
- Focus on aggregate figures VS
Focus on the individuals rights - Promotes monitoring industries VS
Promotes accountability of governments - Focus on symptoms of poverty VS
Focus on the causes and complexity of poverty
High level fora on effectiveness of AID
2003 Rome: Ownership
2005 Paris: Paris Declaration
2008 Accra: CSO as development actors
2011 Busan: Renewed emphasis, private sector
Paris Agenda (2005)
Ownership: partner countries in the driver seat
Alignment: donors align with countries policies and procedures (trade policies of donor in accordance with national and other donor countries)
Harmonization: Donors harmonies their procedures and divisions of labour
Managing results: ‘Results focus’ needed in aid and development
Mutual Accountability: Donors and countries both to each other.
The overall conclusion was that this Paris agenda was not successful.
The 2030 agenda
- Preparations started a few years ago
- Nationals level meetings to discuss draft list
- SDGs: 17 goals, 169 targets
- Main difference: global goals
- The plan is not widely publicized because countries have different focusses right now, such as the migration crisis. ‘ Silence dominates’
