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Exam Krackers: Psych/Soc > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioral Learning

A

An individual determines what behaviors are culturally appropriate and how behaviors result in specific outcomes.

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2
Q

Associative Learning/Conditioning

A

Learning that involves associations between certain stimuli and specific response.

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3
Q

Acquisition

A

Stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established

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4
Q

Extinction

A

Disappearance of the conditioned response.

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5
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of extinction.

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6
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. (American crow call vs. western raven call)

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7
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus. (keep training so a dog can determine differences between bird calls and will only salivate with one)

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8
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Associative learning in which an individual becomes more or less likely to carry out a certain behavior based on its consequences. (Skinner box - rat steps on lever to dispense food)

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A

Consequence that that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior (food delivery)

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10
Q

Punishment

A

Stimulus that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior (shock delivery)

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11
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Introduction of a reinforcing stimulus in response to a desired behavior.

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12
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus in response to a desired behavior.

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13
Q

Primary Reinforcers/Punishers

A

Harness physiological needs and the drive for survival. Do not require learning.

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14
Q

Primary reinforcer example

A

Delivery of food

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15
Q

Primary punisher example

A

Exposure to extreme temperatures

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16
Q

Secondary Reinforcers/Punishers

A

Require learning and social context to affect behavioral decisions. Once learned they can be just as effective as primary reinforcers and punishers.

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17
Q

Secondary Reinforcer/Conditioned Reinforcer examples

A

Money, praise, prestige, good grades

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18
Q

Secondary Punisher Example

A

Fines, scolding, ostracism, and bad grades

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19
Q

Escape Conditioning

A

Learned behavior that allows the subject to escape an unpleasant stimulus. (mouse cage with half the floor capable of delivering shocks)

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20
Q

Avoidance Conditioning

A

Learned behavior allows the subject to avoid the unpleasant stimulus altogether by employing a specific response. (blowing a whistle before shocks, allow mouse to move to different region)

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21
Q

Reinforcement Schedule

A

Describes how often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced. (extinction depends on this schedule)

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22
Q

Fixed-Ratio

A

Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses (reward after every third time)

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23
Q

Variable-Ratio

A

Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses (most successful)

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24
Q

Fixed-Interval

A

Rewards to a response are provided after a specified time interval has passed (reward given 20 seconds after lever is pressed)

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25
Q

Variable-interval

A

Rewards to a response are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.

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26
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Most rapid way to first establish a response. (Mouse receives reward after every time lever is pressed)

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27
Q

Partial/Intermittent reinfrocement

A

Individual is rewarded only some of the times the action has been done.

Behaviors that were established with a partial reinforcement schedule are much more resistant to extinction. (gambling)

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28
Q

Shaping

A

Operant conditioning that shapes behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations towards a desired behavior

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29
Q

Innate behaviors

A

Developmentally fixed. Heavily influenced by physiology and genetic inheritance that are very difficult or impossible to change through learning

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30
Q

Cognitive Processes

A

Necessary for associative learning of non-instinctual behaviors. Animal must have sufficient higher level brain function to recognize the connection between cause and effect and then choose a new course of behavior. Activities of any animal are always prone to biological constraints

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31
Q

Observational Learning

A

Consists of witnessing another person’s actions, retaining information on that person’s behavior, and later re-encating what was learned through that observation. MODELING

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32
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Specialized nerve cells fire both when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action.

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33
Q

Vicarious Emotions

A

Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one’s own, in order to learn from the successes and mistakes of others through observation.

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34
Q

Behavior

A

The sum of coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli that they experience. Partially influenced by the biology of the organism.

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35
Q

Animal Signals

A

Consist of vocalizations or the use of visual stimuli, touch, and smell for communication

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36
Q

Social Behavior

A

All interactions taking place between members of the same species. (attraction, aggression, attachment, and social support)

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37
Q

Attraction

A

Factors that draw members of a species togehter

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38
Q

Aggression

A

Conflict and competition between individuals

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39
Q

Attachment

A

Forming relationships between individuals

40
Q

Social Support

A

Finding help through social connections

41
Q

Foraging Behavior

A

Set of behaviors through which animals obtain food. Type of social behavior that is observed in many species.

42
Q

Altruism

A

Behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group. Can be explained by inclusive fitness

43
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Describes overall fitness (an individuals level of success at passing on its genes) by considering not only the individuals level own progeny, but also the offspring of its close relatives.

44
Q

Game Theory

A

Use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account.

45
Q

Primary Group

A

Characterized by relatively permanent intimate relationships among a small number of people. Families and close friends. (Dyads and Triads)

46
Q

Secondary Group

A

Impersonal relationships among larger groups of people. Tend to be more goal oriented and less permanent (sports teams, and group projects)

47
Q

Networkds

A

Webs of weaker social interactions. Friends of friends

48
Q

Organization

A

A collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose

49
Q

Formal Organizations

A

Official organizations with specific rules and guidelines

50
Q

Bureaucracy

A

a type of formal organization that has a particular focus on efficiency and effectiveness to accomplish the goals of the organization.

51
Q

Characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy

A

All are aimed at increasing efficiency. Specialized and organized in a clear hierarchy, written rules and regulation with thorough record keeping. Impersonal and impartial

52
Q

Iron Law of oligarchy

A

Criticizes the hierarchical nature of bureaucracy. People at the top of the hierarchy will inevitably come to value their power over the purpose of the organization. Leadership focuses on staying in power rather than achieving their original goal.

53
Q

McDonaldization

A

Extends the concept of bureaucracy to the effect of chain stores and restaurants on consumerism and society as a whole. Chains are predictable, uniform, efficient, and automated. Homogenization leads to a loss of originality and creativity.

54
Q

Fad

A

Novel social pattern that has a quick rise and fall in popularity.

55
Q

Mass Hysteria/Moral Panic

A

Groups of people feel a real or imagined threat to social order and respond in a hysteric manner

56
Q

Riot

A

Mass hysteria can progress to where the group that feels threatened grows frustrated to the point of violence and destruction

57
Q

Role

A

Defined by their expected behavior in a particular situation in a social interaction.

58
Q

Role Conflict

A

Occurs when two or more roles that an individual plays have conflicting requirements. (a boss is friends with one of her employees but has to fire the employee)

59
Q

Role Strain

A

The demands of a single role become overwhelming (juggling too much)

60
Q

Role Exit

A

Role exit and role strain can lead to this. Where an individual stops identifying with a particular role.

61
Q

Ascribed Status

A

One that is assigned to a person. Either at birth or later in life. (gender, race, and SES)

62
Q

Achieved Status

A

One that a person intentionally earns (professional athlete, doctor, boss)

63
Q

Impression Management

A

Process of consciously making behavioral choices in order to create a specific impression in the minds of others (social media)

64
Q

Dramaturgical Approach

A

Impression management takes place in all aspects of human interaction. A person’s behavior is an ongoing performance of self that changes according to the situation. The self is formed and reformed through interactions with others.

65
Q

Front Stage Self

A

Encompasses the behavior that a player (person) performs in front of an audience (usually society). Performs when she knows she is being watched and subject to judgment

66
Q

Back Stage Self

A

Employed when players are together but no audience is present. Still a region of performance but the players can let go of conventions necessary for the front stage self. Perform a different self for each other than they do for the audience. Perform behavior that would be unacceptable when performed in the front audience

67
Q

Groupthink

A

Groups members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony. Members self-censor ideas or opinions that go against group norms. The group is unanimous and group members then believe they must be correct.

68
Q

Group Polarization

A

The attitude of the group as a whole toward a particular issue becomes stronger than the attitudes of its individual members. Group decisions tend not to be the average of individual desires, instead reflecting those desires taken to an extreme.

69
Q

Peer Pressure

A

Extremely powerful motivator and is connected to the desire for social acceptance

70
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Tendency to perform better when a person knows they are being watched. Most pronounced for tasks at which the performer is highly practiced or skilled. (Olympic games)

71
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who is in trouble because they assume that someone else will help. Diffusion of responsibility

72
Q

Social Loafing

A

Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work with the intention of letting other group members work harder. Members gain a free ride off the work of their teammates

73
Q

Deindividualization

A

Occurs when people lose awareness of their individuality and instead immerse themselves in the mood or activities of a crowd. Can lead to actions that would otherwise go against individuals’ moral principles. Can lead to mob mentality

74
Q

Socialization

A

The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture

75
Q

Agents of Socialization

A

Comprised of the groups and people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. (family, friends, neighbors, religion, school, mass media)

76
Q

Social Control

A

More direct form of socialization in which one group or individual imposes a set of rules to control the behavior of others (informal - parents disciplining, formal- laws to control citizens)

77
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency of individuals to change their attitudes, opinions, and behaviors to align with group norms. (influence of peers and culture)

78
Q

Obedience

A

Describes behavioral changes made in response to a command by an authority figure.

79
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates social expectations.

80
Q

Stigma

A

Negative social label that changes a persons social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted

81
Q

Strain Theory

A

Deviance arises when there is a conflict between societal expectations and the socially condoned methods of achieving those expectations. Used to explain the motivation for crime

82
Q

Anomie

A

Individuals lose their moral guidance due to the pressures of pursuing societal expectations.

83
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

Deviance arises from social learning. IF the behavior of a group deviates than individuals in that group will learn to be deviant.

84
Q

Labeling Theory

A

Particular behaviors are societally defined as deviant based on the group that carries out those behaviors.

85
Q

Transmission

A

Passage of culture from one generation to another

86
Q

Diffusion

A

Spread of culture from one population to another. When one country adopts cultural aspects of another country

87
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture. Language acquisition and gaining knowledge about the social roles and rules of the newly adopted culture.

88
Q

Culture Shock

A

Feeling of disorientation that occurs due to an encounter with n unfamiliar culture

89
Q

Subculture

A

Culture that is shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture but have specific cultural attributes that set them apart. (Amish, deaf community)

90
Q

Popular culture

A

The most widespread cultural patterns of society.

91
Q

Countercultures

A

Groups whose members adopt cultural patterns in opposition to the larger culture and tend to acquire cultural messages from sources that are less mainstream than mass media. (Hippie movement)

92
Q

Cultural Lag

A

the time culture takes to adjust to technological innovations. (new medical technologies)

93
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups by ones own cultural standards

94
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and to judge a culture by its own standards.

95
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with a negative stereotype about a group to which they belong or when they feel their performance may confirm a negative stereotype about their group

Exam Krackers: Psych/Soc (5 decks)

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