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Exam Krackers: Psych/Soc > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach (BPS)

A

expands upon the biomedical approach by incorporating psychology and sociology in practicing medicine.
Developed to allow for a more complete and accurate understanding of patients and their medical conditions.

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2
Q

Biomedical Approach

A

Focuses too narrowly on the physical aspects of illness only

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3
Q

BPS Claims (2)

A
  1. Illness is determined by a variety of influences rather than a single cause.
  2. The causes and effects of illness can be examined at multiple levels in the life of an individual. (not just biological but also psychological and sociological)
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4
Q

Social Constructionism

A

Human actors construct or create “reality” rather than discovering a reality that has inherent validity. The beliefs and shared understandings of individuals create social realities. (diagnosis of an illness requires an agreed upon set of criteria and there’s a gap between bio/physio reality of the medical condition and the societal created meaning of the diagnosis)

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5
Q

Symbolic Interactionsim

A

Smaller scale than social constructionism. Focuses on interaction between individuals and small groups. Through social interactions, individuals develop shared meanings and labels for various symbols. People actively create meaning through their social interactions.

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

Factions of society work together to maintain stability. Society works like an organism with systems that work together even though they all have distinct roles.

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7
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Views society in terms of competing groups that act according to their own self-interests rather than according to the need for societal equilibrium. (Feminist theory is a particular type of conflict theory)

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8
Q

Macrosociology

A

Broad social structures that affect society. (Social constructionism, functionalism, conflict theory)

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9
Q

Microsociology

A

Smaller scale social interactions between individuals. (symbolic interactionism)

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10
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

People’s actions are dictated by a rational consideration of alternatives. Individuals choose the action that is most likely to bring some type of profit.

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11
Q

Exchange Theory

A

Applies rational choice theory to social interactions. Behaviors within relationships are determined by individuals’ expectations of reward and punishment.

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12
Q

Culture

A

All of the beliefs, assumptions, objects, behaviors, and processes that make up a shared way of life. Through interactions with other cultures, people can learn about their own cultural assumptions.

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13
Q

Material Culture

A

Refers to objects involved in a certain way of life.

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14
Q

Non-material culture

A

encompasses the elements of culture that are not physical. Shared ideas, knowledge, values, and beliefs.

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15
Q

Sanctions

A

Social expressions of approval for conforming to norms or disapproval for failing to conform. Can be positive (small smile) or negative (glare)

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16
Q

Folkways

A

Norms governing casual interactions. Violation of a folkway is not punished harshly.

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17
Q

Mores

A

Norms enforcing the moral standards of society. Violation lead to serious negative sanctions. (murder)

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18
Q

Taboo

A

The most extreme end of disapproval. Considered immoral and repulsive.

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19
Q

Social group

A

The subset of a population that maintains social interactions. A group identity among a set of individuals created by a collection of shared experiences

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20
Q

Symbolic Culture

A

Type of non-material culture that consists of the elements of culture that have meaning only in the mind. (thumbs-up, handshakes, etc). Includes meanings ascribed to rituals, gestures, and objects

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21
Q

Society

A

Tow or more individuals living together in a community and/or sharing elements of culture

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22
Q

Social Institutions

A

Hierarchical systems that bring order to interpersonal interactions, structuring society. (Government, Education, Religion)

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23
Q

Power

A

Allows individuals or groups to exert their will even when they are opposed by others

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24
Q

Authority

A

Type of power that is viewed as legit by the population

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25
Q

Division of Labor

A

Individuals engage in work that is highly specific. Members of a society must rely on one another to meet their daily needs.

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26
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

In schools, transmits cultural ideals beyond the stated goals of the institution. Teaching children to conform to social expectations.

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27
Q

Teacher Expectancy

A

Teachers treat students differently according to preconceived ideas about their capabilities. This influences student achievement

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28
Q

Educational Stratifications

A

Separation of students into groups on the basis of academic achievement. Process begins early on and creates a snowball effect that influences opportunities later in life.

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29
Q

Religion

A

An organized structure of behaviors and social interactions that addresses the spiritual needs of society.

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30
Q

Religiosity

A

The extent to which religion is important to an individual or community.

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31
Q

Church

A

Religious organization that is well established in the larger society. (Not associated with Christianity)

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32
Q

Sect

A

More radical group that forms by breaking away from the established norms or beliefs of a mainstream church.

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33
Q

Cult

A

Like a sect, but tends to form outside of any pre-existing religion. Have views and practices that situate it outside the traditions of mainstream society.

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34
Q

Secularization

A

Decreasing devotion to religious doctrines and practices. “culturally Jewish”

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35
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Entails a strictly literal interpretation of scared writings. A limited tolerance for other religions often accompanies.

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36
Q

Kinship

A

Social bonds that unite individuals into families (bloodline, marriage, adoption)

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37
Q

Medicalization

A

Effort to describe a type of behavior as a symptom of an underlying illness that should be treated by a doctor. Criticized as an attempt on the part of the powerful to control behaviors that are inconsistent with societal demands. (Students with ADHD)

38
Q

Sick Role

A

Individuals who are diagnosed with illnesses may assume this role by exhibiting the expected behaviors for an ill person. Behaviors and exemptions they receive (Outward behaviors)

39
Q

Illness experience

A

Describes how an individual adjusts to interruptions to their health. Two people with the same disease can have markedly different illness experiences.

40
Q

Demographics

A

Statistics used to examine the nature of a specific population by quantifying subset of that population (age, gender, race, ethnicity, SES)

41
Q

Gender

A

Social and Psychological phenomenon. Intersection of sex, gender identity, and gender expression

42
Q

Social Construction of Gender

A

The development of gender is subject to cultural influences and depends on social interactions. Range of accepted gender presentations and identities varies between societies.

43
Q

Social Construction of Race

A

Process by which racial categories are created through social forces

44
Q

Racialization

A

Imposition of a racial identity on a particular group. Used to support the domination of less powerful groups.

45
Q

Racial Formation Theory

A

Race is a social construct, with no basis in actual genetic differences, and emphasizes how a variety of social factors interact to construct definitions, expectations, and experiences of race

46
Q

Social Significance of Aging

A

Aging is more complicated that simply the measured time since birth.

47
Q

Total birth rate or total fertility rate

A

Average number of children that one woman is expected to have over her lifetime

48
Q

Crude birth rate

A

Number of live births in a year for every thousand people. Used as a measure of a particular group’s fertility

49
Q

Age-specific birth rate

A

Fertility of women who are a specific age or fall within a range of ages.

50
Q

Crude death rate

A

The number of deaths per year for every thousand people in a population

51
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

How many people less than one year old die per every thousand live births in a given year

52
Q

Push and pull factors in migration

A

Distinct motivations for migrating. Push factors are reasons to leave. Pull factors are reasons to move to a specific location.

53
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically.

54
Q

Demographic transition theory

A

Links population growth to the society’s use of technology, describing sequential stages of change in birth and death rates. Technology is what keeps population size in check, but fails to consider other factors that limit pop. growth. (technology also helps with fertility)

55
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

Feeling of disadvantage that arises when individuals compare themselves to others of similar status and feel that they possesses relatively fewer resources and privileges. This feeling can spur social movements.

56
Q

Strategy

A

General plan describing the goals of the movement. “what”

57
Q

Tactics

A

Describe how the movement implements a strategy. “how”

58
Q

Relationship between industrialization and urban growth

A

Development of industry generates in growing cities and urban growth.

59
Q

Suburbanization and urban decline relationship

A

Movement of people from cities to suburbs which then leads to a decline in the standard of living in urban areas. Property values in urban areas fall, less property tax leads to Higher unemployment and crime.

60
Q

Urban Renewal

A

Attempts to improve urban conditions through the restoration of buildings and public infrastructure

61
Q

Gentrification

A

A specific urban renewal pattern in which middle and upper class people move to areas of a city with cheap buildings that are in need of restoration. Rising property values increase the economic strain on neighborhoods’s poor. resulting in tension. Less affluent inhabitants are often driven out.

62
Q

Globalization

A

Increased contact between individuals on an international scale.

63
Q

Communication Technologies

A

Allow an unprecedented type of interaction unbound by spatial constraints. Technologies reduce the extent to which distance limits interactions. (internet)

64
Q

Economic Interdependence

A

Corporations often conduct operations across multiple continents which contributes to globalization. Manufacturing occurs in less economically developed nations.

65
Q

Terrorism

A

The use of violence to coerce countries and governments in order to achieve political or ideological ends.

66
Q

Civil Unrest

A

Disorder caused by a group of people in public, due to a perceived injustice over how resources are distributed

67
Q

Social Inequality

A

Unequal distribution of opportunities or treatment of individuals within a society based on various demographic categories. (Laws and/or discrimination)

68
Q

Spatial Inequality

A

Unequal access to resources and variable quality of life due to the geographical distribution of a population and its resources. (Income, unemployment, access to education and clean water)

69
Q

Global Inequalities

A

Evident in the disparities between regions and nations in aspects like gross national product, natural resources, access to healthcare, etc.

70
Q

Environmental Justice

A

Equal treatment of all people regardless of race, gender, or other social grouping with regard to prevention and relief from environment and health hazards

71
Q

Residential Segregation

A

Social inequality on the local scale. Separation of demographic groups into different neighborhoods comprises residential segregation.

72
Q

Social Class

A

System of stratification that groups members of society according to similarities in social standing. Tied to status and power. Related to privilege and power.

73
Q

Privilege

A

Has advantages of power and opportunity over those who lack privilege.

74
Q

Prestige

A

Relative value assigned to something within a particular society.

75
Q

Upward mobility

A

Moving up the class system. Achieved through education, marriage, career, or financial success.

76
Q

Downward mobility

A

Moving lower within the class system. Can result from unemployment, reduced income due to divorce, lack of education, or health issues.

77
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

Movement within the class system that takes place within an individuals lifetime. Social changes within the same generation

78
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

Movement throughout the class system between generations. (immigrant parents -> successful grandchildren)

79
Q

Meritocracy

A

Society in which advancement is based solely on the abilities and achievements of the individual. (NOT america - to be a true, parents can’t pass monetary goods on to their children)

80
Q

Cultural capital

A

Set of non-monetary social factors that contribute to social mobility. (dress, accent, manners, education, cultural knowledge)

81
Q

Social capital

A

An individual’s social networks and connects that may confer economic and/or personal benefits (Who you know)

82
Q

Social reproduction

A

Transmission of social inequality from on e generation to the next. (cultural and social capital)

83
Q

Isolation/Social Exclusion

A

Impoverished people are often excluded from opportunities available to others.

84
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Lack of essential resources such as food, shelter, clothing, and hygiene.

85
Q

Relative Poverty

A

Social inequality in which people are relatively poor compared to other members of society.

86
Q

False consciousness

A

Failure to recognize poverty as the product of an oppressive class system

87
Q

Class Consciousness

A

Collective self-aswareness based on class (could lead to a remedy for poverty and class inequality)

88
Q

Health Disparity/Health Inequity

A

Differences in health and healthcare that occur between groups of people. Occur according to demographic categories and can affect the prevalence and prognosis of disease.

89
Q

Socioeconomic gradient in health

A

SES can influence health.

90
Q

Social epidemiology

A

Considers how social factors affect the health of a population.

91
Q

Healthcare disparity

A

Difference in accessibility of health services

Exam Krackers: Psych/Soc (5 decks)

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