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Biology of Plants > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

which linaege had a probably loss of a primary plastid?

A

chromalveolata and excavata

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2
Q

Which lineage had a probable secondary gain of plastid from red algae

A

chromalveolata:

  • stramenopila
  • haptophyta
  • cryptophyta
  • alveolata
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3
Q

Which lineages had a probable secondary gain of plastid from green plants

A

Euglenozoa, chlorarachniophyta and part of dinoflagellata

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4
Q

What are exceptions in red algae which lost their secondary endosymbiont

A

apicomplexes, ciliates, oomycetes

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5
Q

Describe Euglenozoa (euglenphyta)

A
  • flagellate unicellular protozoa -
  • most closely related to kinetoplastids -
  • chloroplast derived from captured green algae,
    • 3 membranes on chloroplast
  • food reserve: paramylon
  • many species are heterotrophic
  • sexual reproduction is unknown
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6
Q

What is the ecological importance of euglenozoa

A

mostly plantonic species

  • typically floating in uppermost layer of water column

in freshwater, brakkisch water, common acid peatland

  • ability to live in waters with pH to 1.0, optimum 3.0
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7
Q

Which linaege solely contains photosynthetic algae?

A

haptophyta

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8
Q

Describe dinoflagellata

A
  • belonging to alveolatabut probably polyphyletic
  • both phototrophic and heterotrophic as well as mixotrophic
    • chloroplast with 3 membranes
  • 2 unequal flagella
  • giant nucleus with constantly condensed chromosomes
  • very complex organelles
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9
Q

What is the ecological importance of dinoflagellates

A
  • mostly planktonic species, major part of phytoplankton
  • common outbreaks
    • red tide, harmful algal bloom
    • ​production of toxins: saxitoxin, brevitoxin, ciguatoxin
  • often in symbiotic relations with cnidarians and others
    • zooxanthelles
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10
Q

Principle characteristics of heterokonts like stramenopila

A
  • major eukaryotic lineage of >100 000 spp.
  • photosynthetic members commonly designated as brown algae – Chromophyta
  • non-photosynthetic members of Stramenopila traditionally recognized as fungi
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11
Q

What are characteristics of chloroplasts of photosynthetic stramenopila?

A
  • 4 membranes (probably originally algal)
  • chlorophylls a, c (1, 2) fucoxanthin as accessoric pigment
  • differentiated pyrenoid within the chloroplast
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12
Q

What are non photosynthtic members of stramenopila

A
  • Oomycetes (water molds),
  • Labyrinthulomycetes,
  • Hyphochytridiomycetes and
  • other small groups
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13
Q

principle characteristics of brown algae (chromophyta)

A
  • mostly marine, large multicellular algae
  • up to 2000 species, the largest may reach up to 60 m
  • sometimes forming differentiated tissues
  • paccessoric pigments β-carotene and fucoxanthin
  • sexual reproduction, flagellated spores and gametes, both isomorphic and heteromorphic alteration of generations (sporophyte, gametophyte)
  • laminaran, mannitol and oil as food reserves
  • outer cell wall containing anionic polysaccharide algin
  • alginates widely used in food, pharmaceutical, paper & textile industry…
  • also used as a source of potassium carbonate, iodine, soda
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14
Q

What is the latin name for brown algae

A

Phaeophyceae

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15
Q

What is the latin name for diatoms

A

Bacillariophyceae

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16
Q

How many species are estimated for diatoms?

A

>100 000 spp. estimated

17
Q

describe structure of diatoms

A
  • unicellular, sometimes forming colonies
  • silica cell wall (frustule);
  • centric (radially symmetrical) or pennate (bilaterally symmetrical)
  • most forms non-motile, only male gametes of centric diatoms possess a flagellum
  • accessoric pigment fucoxanthin
18
Q

what do diatoms use as food reserves?

A

chrysolaminaran, oil and volutin

19
Q

What is the importance of diatoms?

A
  • are one of the major carbon producers (up to 1/4 of earth primary production)
  • key role in regulation of biogeochemical cycle of silicon
  • fossilized oil can be produced (attempts to make it as source for industrial harvesting)
  • diatomite (diatomaceous earth) – porous soft sedimemtary rock – filtration, mild abrasive, absorbent
20
Q

What photosynthetic organisms resulted from a primary symbiontic event

A
  • Glaucophyta
  • red algae
21
Q

What is a cyanelle

A

is a primary chloroplast (or rather endosymbiotic cyanobacteria)

22
Q

What kind of algae are red algae?

A

mostly marine, both micro- and macroscopic, uni- and multicellular algae

  • 5000 spp. estimated, <200 freshwater
23
Q

describe structure of red algae

A
  • chloroplast with 2 membranes, thylakoids unstacked with phycobilisomes
  • no motile cells
  • polar rings in place of centrioles
  • have cell walls
24
Q

What do the chloroplasts in red algae contain?

A
  • chlorophyll a (also chlorophyll d in small quanities but this probably originates from associated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris
  • phycobilisomeproteins as accessory pigments -> this causes the red colour
25
Q

What do red algae use a food reserve?

A

floridean polysaccharides

26
Q

How do red algae reproduce?

A

pcommonly reproducing sexually, alteration of generations

  • (gametophyte, sporophyte [or carpo- and tetrasporophyte])
27
Q

describe the cell walls of red algae

A
  • microfibrils (cellulose/polysaccharide) and mucilaginous matrix (agar, carrageenan)
    • slippery texture;
    • Porphyra (‚nori‘ – Japanese term for this kind of edible seaweed); broad use of agar/carrageenan in food industry
  • calcium carbonate deposits – coralline algae of coral reefs
    • sometimes in extreme depths (268 m recorded!)
    • fossils from Precambrian (>700 mya) – among the oldest fossilized algae
28
Q

What are salient characteristics of chloroplastida

A
  • chloroplast acquired by the primary endosymbiotic event (2 membranes)
    • chlorophylls a & b, carotenes & xanthophylls as accessoric pigments, no phycobilins, thylakoids arranged in grana
  • starch as the food reserve
  • cellulose cell wall
  • flagella usually two but same in structure (isokont), though sometimes differently long
29
Q

What are the 2 main lineages of Viridiplantae

A

green algae (Chlorophyta, maybe paraphyletic) and streptophytes [Streptophyta]

30
Q

Describe structure of streptophyta

A
  • lineage that comprises some of the ‚green algae‘ plus all Embryophyta (‚higher plants‘)
  • thylakoids in grana
  • cell division often mediated by phragmoplast
  • motile cells w/ 2 subapically inserted flagella (asymmetric), flagellar apparatus w/ ‚multilayered structure‘ and parallel basal bodies
  • mostly land plants
31
Q

Describe variability of thallus organization of chlorophyta

A
  • flagellate unicells
  • coccoids
  • coccoid colonies
  • coenobia
  • filaments (branched, unbranched, heterotrichous)
  • thalline
  • siphonous
  • siphonocladous
32
Q

What is an apparent representative of chlorophyta

A

Lettuce like Ulva

  • large group; extreme thallus complexity and cellular sophistication
    • coastal and marine seaweeds but other habitats as well
    • unicellular to multicellular filamentous, but typically thallose, giant-celled siphonous and siphonocladous
  • easily cultivated, food source
    • excessive outbreaks – production of H2S on decomposition
33
Q

What is the role of chlorophyta?

A

phytoplankton and phycosymbionts of liches

34
Q

Give a few facts about Zygnematophyceae

A
  • largest charophyte group, > 5000 spp.
  • only freshwater & terrestrial, no marine
  • unicellular, filamentous and colonial
  • only non-motile cells (including the gametes!)
35
Q

GIve a few facts about Charophyceae (stoneworts)

A
  • macroscopic algae with complex thalli, 400 spp. fossils (gyrogonites) > 380 mya (Devonian)
  • central stalk w/ multinucleate cells, whorls of branches
  • oogonia (♀ gametangia) and antheridia (♂ gametangia) surrounded by unistratose sheath (in land plants the sheath multistratose
  • CaO encrustation (name!)
    • freshwater – but often saline, alkaline
36
Q

What algae may be the closest living relatives to land plants?

A

Zygnematophyceae (green algae), Charophyceae (stonewarts) and Coleochaete

37
Q

Which algae do not have motile stages?

A

Zygnematophyceae (green algae) and most red algae and diatoms

  • Zygnematopycea: is the richest charophyte group with more than 5000 species. It occurs unicellular, filamentous and in colonies. They are all non-motile cells including the gametes.

Biology of Plants (8 decks)

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