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Genetics > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Another name for Mitosis

A

Somatic division- takes place throughout the body

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2
Q

Where does Meiosis take place?

A

gonads

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3
Q

What is chromatin a combination of?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid and histones (protein)

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4
Q

just prior to cell division, what happens to chromatin?

A

coils and condenses to make chromosomes (comprising two chromatid)

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5
Q

What are the two chromatids referred as?

A

sister chromatids

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6
Q

centromere

A

where the sister chromatids are joined

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7
Q

Steps of cell division

A

interphase (G1,S,G2), mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis

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8
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

the cell is carrying out everyday activities

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9
Q

G1

A

protein synthesis taking place for daily activities

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10
Q

S

A

DNA is replicated in preparation for mitosis

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11
Q

G2

A

mitotic apparatus (centrioles) are produced

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12
Q

Prophase of Mitosis

A

the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus disappear. Spindle fibers and centrioles become visible and chromosomes condense

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13
Q

Metaphase of Mitosis

A

chromosomes line up along the center of the cell and centromeres attach to the spindle fibers

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14
Q

Anaphase of Mitosis

A

chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere towards opposite poles

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15
Q

Telophase of Mitosis

A

nuclear membrane and nucleus and nucleolus reform. Chromosomes and spindle fibers disappear

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16
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cellular organelles and the cytoplasm are divided between the two cells

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17
Q

what type of cells does mitotic cell division take place in?

A

somatic cells

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18
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 gametes with half the number of chromosomes of a normal cell

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19
Q

What is the first division of meiosis known as?

A

Reduction Division

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20
Q

Prophase I of Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic information between homologous chromosomes resulting in mixing of chromosomes

21
Q

Tetrad

A

homologous chromosome pairs

22
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of Meiosis I

23
Q

Metaphase I of Meiosis I

A

tetrads line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers attach to each centromere

24
Q

Anaphase I of Meiosis I

A

one homologue is pulled towards each pole

25
Q

chiasma

A

the point where two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information

26
Q

recombinant chromatids

A

chromatid that has a mix of genetic information from both parents

27
Q

Telophase I of Meiosis I

A

nuclei are reorganized and the chromosomes are decondensed

28
Q

Prophase II of Meiosis II

A

nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes condense

29
Q

Metaphase II of Meiosis II

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to the centromere

30
Q

Anaphase II of Meiosis II

A

sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and are pulled towards each pole

31
Q

Telophase II of Meiosis II

A

nuclei is recognized, the chromosomes are decondensed and the cell remains in G1 phase

32
Q

Difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II

A

Meiosis I separates the homologous pairs of chromosomes and Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids

33
Q

Differences between Meiosis and Mitosis

A

Mitosis results in two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell and Meiosis results in four gametes with half the chromosomes of the original cell
Mitosis is a single cell division and Meiosis is two divisions
In mitosis, individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and chromatids are pulled apart. In prophase 1 meiosis, the tetrads line up in the middle of the cell and chromosomes are pulled apart
No crossing over in mitosis, only Meiosis in prophase I

34
Q

what two nucleic acids are present in a cell?

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid and ribose nucleic acid

35
Q

Which molecule is the biggest molecule of the body?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid- a polymer of millions of pairs of nucleotides

36
Q

What does one DNA molecule consist of

A

two long nucleotide chains each nucleotide held together by hydrogen bonds- chain is coiled to form a double helix- consists of a sugar molecule, phosphate group and nucleotide base

37
Q

DNA coiling forming chromatid is known as?

A

solenoid

38
Q

2 differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine, RNA is present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm while DNA is only in the nucleus

39
Q

3 nucleotides form one ____

A

codon

40
Q

one codon specifies one_______

A

amino acid

41
Q

what does the codon ATG specify for?

A

methionine

42
Q

list the three stop codons

A

TAA, TAG, TGA

43
Q

define gene

A

a genetic material on a chromosome that codes for a trait/character

44
Q

define allele

A

alternate form of a gene

45
Q

define genotype

A

the actual set of alleles an individual carries

46
Q

define homozygous

A

the individual carries the same alleles in both chromosomes

47
Q

define heterozygous

A

the individual carries two different alleles for the same trait

48
Q

define phenotype

A

the expression of a gene- ex. brown hair– something you can actually see

49
Q

who are genes located in the mitochondria inherited by?

A

mother

Genetics (12 decks)

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