Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define cancer

A

a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is it believed the cancer arises from?

A

both genetic and environmental factors that lead to aberrant growth regulation of a stem cell population or by the dedifferentiation of more mature cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 types of cancer

A

malignant and non malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is malignant cancer

A

Fast undifferentiating growth of cells with distance metastasis in other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is commonly known as cancer?

A

Malignant cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is non malignant cancer?

A

benign tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does carcinoma arise from?

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does sarcoma arise from?

A

connect tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does melanoma arise from?

A

pigment epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Giloma arise from?

A

glial connective tissues of nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Leukemia arise from?

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does lymphoma arise from?

A

Lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is the etiology of cancer known?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What contributes to causation of cancer?

A

genetic and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is cancer inherited?

A

NO- but genetic disposition is inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the environmental factors for cancer?

A

carcinogens + viruses, cigarette smoke, tobacco, coal tar, aniline dyes, radiations and certain chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is carcinogen?

A

cancer producing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the tumor suppressor genes?

A

RB, P53, APC genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the Proto oncogenes?

A

RAS, MYC, RET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is another name for DNA repair genes?

A

tumor supressor genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mutations in what causes cancer?

A

somatic cells, germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is a mutation in somatic cells hereditary?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is a mutation in germ cells heritable?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define Oncogene

A

gene responsible for causing cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define proto oncogene

A

Normal gene but when activated becomes oncogene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes activation of the proto oncogene?

A

mutation, gene duplication, gene translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is the RET pro to-oncogene located?

A

chromosome 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is RET loss of function associated with?

A

development of Hirschsprungs disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are gain of function mutations associated with?

A

the development of various types of multiple endocrine neoplasias, phaeochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are RAS genes involved in?

A

cellular signal transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can dysregulated RAS signal lead to?

A

oncogenesis and cancer leading to increased invasion and metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the Ras protein responsible for?

A

cell signal transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Rho protein for?

A

cell morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is Myc gene located?

A

chromosome 8 in the human

35
Q

What does Myc gene code for?

A

a transcription factor which is involved in causation of Burkitt’s Lymphoma

36
Q

Define tumor suppressor genes?

A

follow the two hit hypothesis which implies that both alleles that code for a particular gene must be affected before an effect is manifested

37
Q

Are mutant tumor suppressor cells dominant or recessive?

A

recessive

38
Q

Are mutant oncogene alleles dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

39
Q

What does RB gene cause?

A

Retinoblastoma

40
Q

What is mutation of P53 gene responsible for?

A

several cancers like colon, breast and lung cancers

41
Q

What is APC gene mutation linked to?

A

adenopolyposis colon cancer

42
Q

What does inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to?

A

breast cancer

43
Q

What is ATM gene ?

A

Ataxis telengectasia mutated gene

44
Q

What is ATM gene concerned with?

A

telengectasia- abnormal blood vessels in cerebellum producing Ataxia

45
Q

Define C-onc

A

cellular oncogenes

46
Q

Define V-onc

A

viral oncogenes- present in viruses

47
Q

What genes are involved in cacinogenesis?

A

HPV E6 and E7

48
Q

What do the genes HPV E6 and E7 inactivate?

A

tumore suppressor genes RB1 and P53 respectively

49
Q

Define Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

A

rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder

50
Q

What does Li-Fraumeni greatly increase susceptibility to?

A

cancer

51
Q

What does Li-Fraumeni develop?

A

wide range of malignancies like breast cancer, brain tumors, acute leukemia, and adrenal cortical carcinoma

52
Q

What is Li-Fraumeni linked with?

A

mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which normally helps control cell growth

53
Q

Define Retinoblastoma

A

A rapidly developing cancer in children that develops in the cells of retina, of the eye

54
Q

What disease has one of the best cure rates of all childhood diseases in the developed world?

A

Retinoblastoma

55
Q

Two forms of retinoblastoma

A

a genetic heritable form and a non-genetic, non heritable form- 55% of children have non genetic form

56
Q

define sporadic

A

If there is no history of the disease within the family

57
Q

Mutation of what gen causes heritable form of retinoblastoma?

A

mutation of RB1 gene on chromosome 13

58
Q

Inherited forms of retinoblastomas are more likely to be ___

A

bilateral; sporadic are unilateral

59
Q

Symptoms of retinoblastoma?

A

leukocoria, strabismus (cross eye)

60
Q

Treatment for retinoblastoma?

A

chemotherapy, cryotherapy, radioactice plaques, laser therapy and surgery, enucleation and radiation therapy

61
Q

One cause of breast cancer?

A

lack of child bearing breast feeding

62
Q

What cancer is the highest annual incidence rates in the world?

A

breast cancer

63
Q

Risks of breast cancer?

A

lack of childbearing or breast feeding, higher hormone levels, race, and smoking

64
Q

What has a strong disposition for development of breast cancer?

A

early onset of breast cancer in close relatives

65
Q

Who is at a higher risk for breast cancer?

A

Ashkenazi jewish ancestry and families originating from Netherland, Iceland and Sweden

66
Q

Genes involved with breast cancer?

A

mutation of BRCA1 gene, BRCA2 gene- tumor supressor genes involved in chromosome repair

67
Q

What can mutation of BRCA2 also lead to?

A

increased risk of ovarian, prostate, pancreatic cancers and male breast cancer

68
Q

Treatment for breast cancer?

A

surgical excision, radical surgery, irradiation, chemotherapy

69
Q

Define Colorectal cancer?

A

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a protein encoded by the APC gene- mutations in this gene will cause it- APC is a tumor supressor gene

70
Q

In order to be cancerous, what does a mutation of APC be followed by?

A

another mutation

71
Q

In carriers of an APC inactivating mutation, the risk of colorectal cancer by age 40 is what percent?

A

100%

72
Q

Define familial polyposis?

A

The mucosal surface of the colon is essentialy a carpet of small adenomatous polyps

73
Q

By what age is a total colectomy done when someone has adenocarcinoma?

A

before age 20

74
Q

WHat level will be elevated in someone with ovarian cancer?

A

elevated CA-125 levels in serum

75
Q

What is CA-125?

A

a protein known as MUC 16 encoded by MUC16 gene

76
Q

What is familial breast cancer and familial ovarian cancer associated with?

A

mutation of BRCA2 gene

77
Q

What does hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer confer a higher risk of?

A

developing ovarian cancer

78
Q

Symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

bloating, borborygmus increased abdominal size, and urinary symptoms

79
Q

Define prostate cancer?

A

Cancer in males that arises from prostate gland

80
Q

WHere is prostate gland cancer common?

A

more common in western countries and US the Asian countries

81
Q

What is the process of the cells in prostate cancer?

A

may metastasize from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes

82
Q

Genes responsible for prostate cancer?

A

gene 1 and 2 (HPC1 on chromosome 25 and 17) are responsible for prostate cancer

83
Q

Genes responsible for development of prostate cancer?

A

BRCA1, BRCA2 and P53

84
Q

What is the biomarker for prostate cancer?

A

PSA (prostate specific antigen)

Genetics (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions