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Genetics > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Genetics

A

The study of biological/biochemical basis of inheritance

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2
Q

Who began the concept of of heredity and inheritance?

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

Who was Mendel?

A

Australian Monk (not a scientist!)

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4
Q

What did Mendel publish his inheritance project on?

A

garden peas in 1865

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5
Q

Who is the father of genetics

A

Mendel

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6
Q

Who discovered ABO Blood groups?

A

Landsteiner

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7
Q

What year marked the beginning of modern genetics?

A

1900

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8
Q

define DNA

A

the substance of inheritance - to alter life forms

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9
Q

Where have we seen advancement in genetics?

A

agriculture- new hybrid corn plants, selected dairy herds, tomatoes that stay fresher longer
Society- cloning of mammals (humans is prohibited), assays, mapping of chromosomes
Medicine- human genetic disorders, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment

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10
Q

Who described alkaptonuria?

A

Garrod

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11
Q

What is alkaptonuria?

A

first inborn error of metabolism

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12
Q

What did Johannsen do?

A

coined the term gene to denote the basic unit of heredity

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13
Q

Name for fruit flies

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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14
Q

What were useful tools to study the actions and interactions of genes?

A

fluit flies and bread mold

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15
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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16
Q

What is the significance of the discovery of DNA?

A

instrumental for birth of another branch of Molecular Biology

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17
Q

What genetic disorders were discovered around the time DNA was discovered?

A

polydactyly and albinism

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18
Q

What did Dalton do?

A

came up with the atomic theory frame- some disorders (color blindness and hemophilia) show sex or x linked inheritance

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19
Q

What does down syndrome show genetically?

A

one extra chromosome in the 21st pair (trisomy 21)

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20
Q

What discoveries followed discovery of down syndrome?

A

Klinefelter and Turner syndrome

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21
Q

List some single gene disorders

A

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease and hemophilia

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22
Q

List some multifactorial inheritance diseases

A

cleft lip and palate, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer disease

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23
Q

Which type of disorder received the greatest amount of attention?

A

single-gene disorders

24
Q

What is a modern achievement that has been used to produce therapeutic drugs?

A

modified disease-resistant crops

25
Q

explain genetic counseling

A

providing information regarding risks, prognosis and treatments to patients and their families

26
Q

What type of plants did Mendel cross pollinate?

A

pure tall pea plants and pure dwarf plants

27
Q

results of Mendel’s first cross pollination

A

4 heterozygous tall plants were produced

28
Q

define homozygous

A

the gene is made up of the same exact allele

29
Q

define heterozygous

A

gene is made up of two different alleles

30
Q

What was the second cross pollination that Mendel did?

A

crossed two heterozygous tall pea plants

31
Q

Results of second cross pollination

A

1 homozygous tall, 2 heterozygous tall and 1 homozygous short

32
Q

define monohybrid cross

A

when one character is chosen to study

33
Q

define dihybrid cross

A

when two characters are chosen to study

34
Q

In Mendel’s second experiment, what characters did he look at?

A

seed coat and color of the seeds- dihybrid cross

35
Q

what is the ratio that will be created from a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

36
Q

Mendel’s first law of genetics

A

Heredity was controlled by paired factors that segregated when gametes formed and rejoined at fertilization - law of purity

37
Q

Mendel’s second law of genetics

A

Indicates that the segregation of one gene of factors or alleles has no influence over the way any other pair segregates- principle of independent assortment

38
Q

Law of dominance/recessiveness

A

When two homozygous individuals with contrasting characters are crossed, the character that appears in F1 hybrid is dominant and the one which is suppressed is recessive (3rd law!!)

39
Q

define cell

A

fundamental unit of all living organisms

40
Q

What does the cell/plasma membrane do?

A

boundary which encloses gel like fluid (cytoplasm)

41
Q

what is the largest organelle in the cell?

A

nucleus

42
Q

define nucleus

A

contains genetic material and the nucleolus- enclosed in a membrane

43
Q

Define mitochondria

A

involved in cellular respiration providing energy through ATP molecules

44
Q

define Golgi Apparatus

A

synthesize carbohydrates and packs the protein in to glycoprotein

45
Q

define centrosome

A

contains centrioles which are involved in spindle formation during cell division

46
Q

define endoplasmic reticulum

A

net work of canals inside the cell

rough and smooth

47
Q

define ribosomes

A

protein synthesizing factors

48
Q

define lysosomes

A

contain many enzymes and considered the cell’s digestive system

49
Q

define cytoskeleton

A

cellular fibers which act as a frame work to support the cell structure

50
Q

microfilaments

A

contractile like muscles

51
Q

microtubules

A

involved in movement of cell contents

52
Q

What occupies the central portion of the cytoplasm?

A

nucleus

53
Q

What area is concerned with the production of ribosomes?

A

nucleolus

54
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

a map of the genes in a eukaryotic cell

55
Q

In what phase of cell growth are chromosomes seen?

A

S phase of cell growth

56
Q

When is something called a chromatid versus a chromosome?

A

chromatid is tightly coiled- once you can visualize it, it is a chromosome

Genetics (12 decks)

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