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COB Immunology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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2
Q

What type of immunity do T cells give rise to upon stimulation by antigens?

A

Cellular immunity

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3
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

What type of immunity do B cells give rise to?

A

Humoral immunity

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5
Q

What type of microbes do B lymphocytes work against?

A

Extracellular microbes

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6
Q

What type of microbes do T lymphocytes primarily work against?

A

Intracellular microbes

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7
Q

T helper lymphocytes

A

Recognize Ags on surfaces of APCs and secrete cytokines; stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation

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8
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

Recognize Ags on infected cells and directly kill these cells

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9
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppress and prevent immune responses (such as to self antigens)

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10
Q

Specificity

A

Ensures that immune response to a microbe is selective to that microbe

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11
Q

Diversity

A

Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of Ags

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12
Q

Memory

A

Increases ability to combat repeat infections by same microbe

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13
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Increases the number of Ag-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with microbes

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14
Q

Specialization

A

Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

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15
Q

Contraction and homeostasis

A

Allows immune system to recover from one response so that it can effectively respond to newly encountered Ags

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16
Q

Nonreactivity to self

A

Prevents injury to host during responses to foreign Ags

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17
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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18
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT

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19
Q

What is the lifespan of naive lymphocytes that do not recognize antigens?

A

1-3 months

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20
Q

Define “naive cells”

A

B-cells or T-cells that have not yet been exposed to antigens

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21
Q

What cytokines are important to T cell development?

A

IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7

22
Q

Where in the thymus are naive T cells maintained?

A

Periphery of thymus

23
Q

What happens to B and T cells which are highly reactive with self-antigens?

A

They are deleted by apoptosis

24
Q

Which T cells express CD4 and provide help for B cell growth and differentiation?

A

T helper cells

25
Q

Which T cells express CD8 and recognize and kill virus-infected cells?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

26
Q

What molecules are involved in development of B cells?

A

Stromal cells, IL-1, IL-6, IL-7

27
Q

What locations in the body are the only locations where lymphocytes do not continuously circulate?

A

Eye, brain, testicles

28
Q

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)

A

Postcapillary venules where lymphocytes enter secondary lymphoid organs when searching for foreign Ags; contain homing receptors for lymphocytes

29
Q

Through what structure do lymphocytes reenter circulation?

A

Efferent lymph vessels

30
Q

What is required for antibody responses to protein antigens?

A

B cells must present the antigens to T helper cells

31
Q

Where do antigen-activated B cells proliferate and mature into memory or plasma cells?

A

Germinal centers of lymph nodes

32
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Terminally differentiated B cells which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies

33
Q

What types of antibodies are produced in the spleen?

A

Antibodies that defend against microbial polysaccharides

34
Q

White pulp of the spleen

A

Contains T and B cell zones

35
Q

What type of cells are found in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath of the spleen?

A

T cells

36
Q

What type of cells are found in the lymphoid follicle containing a germinal center?

A

B cells

37
Q

What must occur before T cells can differentiate into effector or memory T cells?

A

Activation by antigens

38
Q

How are B and T cells directed to different zones of the lymph node?

A

Via chemokines

39
Q

How are antigens transported to the lymph node?

A

Via dendritic cells that pick up antigens from the site of antigen entry

40
Q

To what area of the lymph node do the dendritic cells migrate?

A

T-cell rich areas

41
Q

What is the structure of the lymph node follicle in the absence of antigen stimulation?

A

Primary follicle - contains small naive B cells or memory B cells

42
Q

What is the structure of the lymph node follicle in the presence of antigen stimulation?

A

Conversion to Secondary follicle/germinal center due to proliferation/differentiation of B cells

43
Q

What are the professional APCs required to activate T cells?

A

Dendritic cells, Tissue macrophages, B cells

44
Q

What is the function of APCs?

A

Capture, process and display antigens to lymphocytes - stimulate proliferation/differentiation of T cells

45
Q

Which of the APCs can activate naive T cells in the lymph node?

A

Dendritic cells ONLY

46
Q

Which of the APCs can present antigens for effector T cells only?

A

Macrophages and B cells

47
Q

What processes are used by dendritic cells to acquire antigens?

A

phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis

48
Q

Classical dendritic cells

A

Reside in skin, mucosa, organ parenchyma and migrate to lymph nodes when activated by microbes to display protein antigens to T cells

49
Q

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

Early responders to viral infection; produce soluble proteins such as type I interferons

50
Q

Inflammatory dendritic cells

A

Derived from circulating monocytes during times of inflammation

51
Q

Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs)

A

Bind and display unprocessed antigens for recognition by B cells only

COB Immunology (9 decks)

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