Lecture 2

Question 1

What is a tissue?

Answer 1

Group of similar cells that usually have common embryonic origins and function together to perform specialised functions.

Question 2

4 types of tissue?

Answer 2

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Question 3

Where does nerve tissue originate from?

Answer 3

Ectoderm.

Question 4

Where does connective and muscle tissue originate?

Answer 4

Mesoderm.

Question 5

Where do epithelial cells originate?

Answer 5

Endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm.

Question 6

5 different types of cell junction?

Answer 6

Tight, adherens, desmosome, hemidesmosome, gap.

Question 7

What binds adjacent cells together in an adherens junction?

Answer 7

Adhesion belt - cadherin between plasma membranes, and plaque inside each cell.

Question 8

How do desmosomes bind cells together?

Answer 8

Cadherin pulls proteins together, whilst plaque on the inside of both cells has keratin filaments protruding from it.

Question 9

How do hemidesmosomes and desmosomes differ?

Answer 9

Hemidesmosomes bind to the basement membrane instead of another cell.

Question 10

What are gap junctions?

Answer 10

2 cells connected by connexons (made of connexin).

Question 11

Two main types of nervous tissue?

Answer 11

Neurons, neuroglia.

Question 12

What do neuroglia do?

Answer 12

Insulate (non conducting) and protect neurons.

Question 13

3 types of muscle?

Answer 13

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Question 14

Structural description of skeletal muscle?

Answer 14

Long, cylindrical cells containing many peripheral nuclei.

Striated and parallel due to myofilament arrangement.

Question 15

What is skeletal muscle attached to?

Answer 15

Bones of skeleton.

Question 16

Where is cardiac and smooth muscle found?

Answer 16

Cardiac - walls of the heart.

Smooth - walls of hollow structures, e.g. blood vessels, lung airways.

Question 17

How does smooth muscle work?

Answer 17

Alternately contracts and relaxes, propelling substances.

Question 18

Where are the nuclei located in smooth and cardiac muscle?

Answer 18

One in centre.

Question 19

How are cardiac and smooth muscle connected?

Answer 19

Cardiac - intercalated junctions.

Smooth - connected via gap junctions.

Question 20

3 functions of epithelium?

Answer 20

Covering body substances.
Lining hollow organs, body cavities and ducts.
Forming glands.

Question 21

4 characteristics of epithelium?

Answer 21

Forms continuous sheets.
Avascular.
Innervated.
Generally, high proliferative potential.

Question 22

How are epithelium cells typically fixed to basal lamina?

Answer 22

Hemidesmosomes.

Question 23

3 types of layering of epithelium?

Answer 23

Simple, pseudostratified, stratified.

Question 24

3 types of shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 24

Squamous, cuboidal, Columnar.

Question 25

Function and location of simple squamous?

Answer 25

Function: permits filtration and exchange via diffusion.
Location: kidney, capillaries, alveoli, lymphatic vessels.

Question 26

Function and location of simple cuboidal?

Answer 26

Function: secretion and absorption.
Location: kidney tubules, small glands.