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NUR 170 Test 4 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 different names of drugs

A

chemical name
generic name
brand name (trade name)

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2
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

study of how various dosage forms of drugs influence the way the body metabolizes the drugs and the way the drug affects the body

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3
Q

3 Routes of Drug administration

A

Enteral
parenteral
topical

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4
Q

Enteral drugs

A

enter the entire alimentary canal (oral and suppository)

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5
Q

Enteral drugs from fastest to slowest

A 
Liquids
elixirs
syrups
suspensions
solutions
powders
capsules
tablets
enteric coated drugs
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6
Q

These drugs are administered under the tongue or on the cheek and are absorbed into the vascular tissue. They are considered enteral drugs.

A

Sublingual and Buccal

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7
Q

Parenteral drugs

A

absorbed through the capillary system, these go right into systemic circulation

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8
Q

Ways to administer parenteral drugs

A

IV
IM
SubQ
Intradermal

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9
Q

Topical drugs

A

absorbed through the skin, includes respiratory lining

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10
Q

Ways to administer topical drugs

A

Patches
ointments
inhalers
powder

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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

study of how the body deals with a drug

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12
Q

4 phases of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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13
Q

Absorption

A

movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues

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14
Q

Bioavailability

A

extent of drug absorption

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15
Q

First pass effect

A

drugs absorbed through the intestines are metabolized by the liver before going into systemic circulation, meaning much of the drug is broken down and a higher dose must be given

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16
Q

Bioequivalent drugs

A

two drugs that have the same concentration and bioavailability

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17
Q

Route’s effect on rate of absorption

A

oral route is less invasive and safer than parenteral route, but also much slower

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18
Q

Drug solubility’s effect on rate of absorption

A

more soluble drugs are absorbed quicker

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19
Q

Food’s effect on rate of absorption

A

food in the stomach speeds the absorption of some drugs and delays others

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20
Q

Drug routes that undergo first pass effect

A

Hepatic artery
oral
hepatic portal vein
rectal

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21
Q

Drug routes that don’t undergo first pass effect

A 
buccal/sublingual
parenteral
topical
transdermal
inhaled
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22
Q

Distribution

A

phase of pharmacokinetics that involves the movement of a drug to the body’s tissues

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23
Q

Areas of rapid distribution

A

heart
liver
kidneys
brain

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24
Q

Areas of slow distribution

A

muscles
skin
fat

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25
Q

Protein binding

A

drug traveling in circulation is bound to proteins in blood; only unbound drugs are free to produce a therapeutic effect

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26
Q

___________ is the most common protein for drugs to bind to

A

albumin

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27
Q

True or False: Protein binding is reversible

A

True

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28
Q

Drugs will ___________ with each other for protein binding sites

A

compete

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29
Q

Volume of distribution

A

describes various areas where drugs may be distributed

30
Q

Water soluble drugs

A

have a small volume of distribution and high blood concentration and tend to stay in the blood; produce a very slow onset of action

31
Q

Fat soluble drugs

A

large volume of distribution and a low blood concentration; tend to pass through cell membranes easily and reside in cells

32
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS such as foreign invaders and poisons

33
Q

Drugs that are highly ______ _________ are more likely to pass through the blood-brain barrier and reach the CNS

A

lipid soluble

34
Q

Metabolism

A

biochemical alteration of a drug into a more active metabolite, an inactive metabolite, or a more soluble compound

35
Q

Another name for metabolism is ___________

A

biotransformation

36
Q

______ is the organ most responsible for the metabolism of drugs

A

liver

37
Q

What is cytochrome p-450 ?

A

an enzyme in the liver that breaks down drugs

38
Q

Factors that alter drug metabolism

A

genetic disease
medications
disease conditions

39
Q

Excretion

A

the elimination of drugs from the body

40
Q

The ______ is the primary organ for excretion

A

kidney

41
Q

Secondary organs of excretion

A

skin
lungs
liver
bowel

42
Q

Half-life

A

the time it takes for one half of the original amount of the drug to be removed from the body, it is a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body.

A drug is considered removed after 5 half-lives

43
Q

Steady state

A

physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed after each dose

typically occurs after 4-5 half lifes

44
Q

Onset of action

A

the time from drug administration to the first observable effect

45
Q

Peak effect

A

time required for the drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

46
Q

Duration of action

A

length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a response

47
Q

Peak level

A

time where there is the highest amount of medicine in the body

48
Q

Trough level

A

time where there is the lowest amount of medicine in the body, usually signals time for another dose

49
Q

Loading dose

A

larger initial dose for a drug whose therapeutic effect may be needed quickly

50
Q

Maintenance dose

A

after high drug levels have been established, smaller doses of drug given to maintain the blood concentration

51
Q

Factors influencing the body’s response to a drug

A 
weight
age
gender
physiologic factors
pathologic factors
genetics
immunologic factors
environmental factors
psychological factors
52
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

study of the drugs effect on the body

53
Q

Goal of drug therapy

A

modify rate of cell function or modify strength of function of the cell

54
Q

True or False: A drug can cause a cell to perform a function that is not part of its natural physiology?

A

false

55
Q

3 basic ways drugs exert action

A

receptors
enzymes
nonselective interactions

56
Q

Receptors

A

reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell

57
Q

The degree to which a drug attaches and bonds to a receptor

A

affinity

58
Q

The biologic activity of most drugs is determined by the drug’s ability to bind to a _____ ______

A

specific receptor

59
Q

The ability of a receptor to attract drugs is determined by the ______ _______ of the drug

A

chemical structure

60
Q

Agonist

A

chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biologic response

agonist drugs mimic endogenous transmitters

61
Q

Antagonist

A

chemical that binds to a receptor site and does not activate the receptor to produce a biologic response; it blocks an agonist from producing its response

62
Q

Competitive antagonist

A

antagonist that reversibly binds to a receptor site, its effects can be overcome by an agonist

63
Q

Noncompetitive antagonist

A

antagonist that irreversibly binds to a receptor site, its effects cannot be overcome by an agonist

64
Q

Enzymes

A

biological catalysts, change the rate of reactions, enzyme drugs can inhibit or enhance the effect of enzymes

65
Q

Nonselective interactions

A

drugs don’t affect receptors or enzymes

drugs affect cell membranes and cellular processes which alters metabolic activities

66
Q

Therapeutic index

A

ratio of toxic level of drug to therapeutic level of drug

67
Q

Additive effect

A

when 2 drugs of similar actions are given together in smaller doses to produce the effect of one of the drugs in a larger dose

helps avoid toxic reaction

68
Q

Synergistic effect

A

when the response elicited by combined drugs is greater than the effect of each drug given alone

69
Q

An example of synergistic effect would be combining hydrochlorothiazide with __________ for the treatment of hypertension

A

lisinopril

70
Q

_______ decreases the anticoagulant effect of warfarin

A

green leafy vegetables

71
Q

______ decreases the effect of antibiotics

A

dairy products

72
Q

_________ decreases the drug metabolism and increases the effects of anticholesterol drugs, antidysrhythmic drugs, antiseizure drugs and calcium channel blockers

A

grapefruit juice

NUR 170 Test 4 (5 decks)

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