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NUR 170 Test 4 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 different names of drugs

A

chemical name
generic name
brand name (trade name)

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2
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

study of how various dosage forms of drugs influence the way the body metabolizes the drugs and the way the drug affects the body

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3
Q

3 Routes of Drug administration

A

Enteral
parenteral
topical

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4
Q

Enteral drugs

A

enter the entire alimentary canal (oral and suppository)

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5
Q

Enteral drugs from fastest to slowest

A 
Liquids
elixirs
syrups
suspensions
solutions
powders
capsules
tablets
enteric coated drugs
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6
Q

These drugs are administered under the tongue or on the cheek and are absorbed into the vascular tissue. They are considered enteral drugs.

A

Sublingual and Buccal

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7
Q

Parenteral drugs

A

absorbed through the capillary system, these go right into systemic circulation

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8
Q

Ways to administer parenteral drugs

A

IV
IM
SubQ
Intradermal

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9
Q

Topical drugs

A

absorbed through the skin, includes respiratory lining

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10
Q

Ways to administer topical drugs

A

Patches
ointments
inhalers
powder

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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

study of how the body deals with a drug

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12
Q

4 phases of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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13
Q

Absorption

A

movement of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues

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14
Q

Bioavailability

A

extent of drug absorption

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15
Q

First pass effect

A

drugs absorbed through the intestines are metabolized by the liver before going into systemic circulation, meaning much of the drug is broken down and a higher dose must be given

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16
Q

Bioequivalent drugs

A

two drugs that have the same concentration and bioavailability

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17
Q

Route’s effect on rate of absorption

A

oral route is less invasive and safer than parenteral route, but also much slower

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18
Q

Drug solubility’s effect on rate of absorption

A

more soluble drugs are absorbed quicker

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19
Q

Food’s effect on rate of absorption

A

food in the stomach speeds the absorption of some drugs and delays others

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20
Q

Drug routes that undergo first pass effect

A

Hepatic artery
oral
hepatic portal vein
rectal

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21
Q

Drug routes that don’t undergo first pass effect

A 
buccal/sublingual
parenteral
topical
transdermal
inhaled
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22
Q

Distribution

A

phase of pharmacokinetics that involves the movement of a drug to the body’s tissues

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23
Q

Areas of rapid distribution

A

heart
liver
kidneys
brain

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24
Q

Areas of slow distribution

A

muscles
skin
fat

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25
Protein binding
drug traveling in circulation is bound to proteins in blood; only unbound drugs are free to produce a therapeutic effect
26
___________ is the most common protein for drugs to bind to
albumin
27
True or False: Protein binding is reversible
True
28
Drugs will ___________ with each other for protein binding sites
compete
29
Volume of distribution
describes various areas where drugs may be distributed
30
Water soluble drugs
have a small volume of distribution and high blood concentration and tend to stay in the blood; produce a very slow onset of action
31
Fat soluble drugs
large volume of distribution and a low blood concentration; tend to pass through cell membranes easily and reside in cells
32
Blood-Brain Barrier
a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS such as foreign invaders and poisons
33
Drugs that are highly ______ _________ are more likely to pass through the blood-brain barrier and reach the CNS
lipid soluble
34
Metabolism
biochemical alteration of a drug into a more active metabolite, an inactive metabolite, or a more soluble compound
35
Another name for metabolism is ___________
biotransformation
36
______ is the organ most responsible for the metabolism of drugs
liver
37
What is cytochrome p-450 ?
an enzyme in the liver that breaks down drugs
38
Factors that alter drug metabolism
genetic disease medications disease conditions
39
Excretion
the elimination of drugs from the body
40
The ______ is the primary organ for excretion
kidney
41
Secondary organs of excretion
skin lungs liver bowel
42
Half-life
the time it takes for one half of the original amount of the drug to be removed from the body, it is a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body. A drug is considered removed after 5 half-lives
43
Steady state
physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed after each dose typically occurs after 4-5 half lifes
44
Onset of action
the time from drug administration to the first observable effect
45
Peak effect
time required for the drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
46
Duration of action
length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a response
47
Peak level
time where there is the highest amount of medicine in the body
48
Trough level
time where there is the lowest amount of medicine in the body, usually signals time for another dose
49
Loading dose
larger initial dose for a drug whose therapeutic effect may be needed quickly
50
Maintenance dose
after high drug levels have been established, smaller doses of drug given to maintain the blood concentration
51
Factors influencing the body's response to a drug
``` weight age gender physiologic factors pathologic factors genetics immunologic factors environmental factors psychological factors ```
52
Pharmacodynamics
study of the drugs effect on the body
53
Goal of drug therapy
modify rate of cell function or modify strength of function of the cell
54
True or False: A drug can cause a cell to perform a function that is not part of its natural physiology?
false
55
3 basic ways drugs exert action
receptors enzymes nonselective interactions
56
Receptors
reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell
57
The degree to which a drug attaches and bonds to a receptor
affinity
58
The biologic activity of most drugs is determined by the drug's ability to bind to a _____ ______
specific receptor
59
The ability of a receptor to attract drugs is determined by the ______ _______ of the drug
chemical structure
60
Agonist
chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biologic response agonist drugs mimic endogenous transmitters
61
Antagonist
chemical that binds to a receptor site and does not activate the receptor to produce a biologic response; it blocks an agonist from producing its response
62
Competitive antagonist
antagonist that reversibly binds to a receptor site, its effects can be overcome by an agonist
63
Noncompetitive antagonist
antagonist that irreversibly binds to a receptor site, its effects cannot be overcome by an agonist
64
Enzymes
biological catalysts, change the rate of reactions, enzyme drugs can inhibit or enhance the effect of enzymes
65
Nonselective interactions
drugs don't affect receptors or enzymes drugs affect cell membranes and cellular processes which alters metabolic activities
66
Therapeutic index
ratio of toxic level of drug to therapeutic level of drug
67
Additive effect
when 2 drugs of similar actions are given together in smaller doses to produce the effect of one of the drugs in a larger dose helps avoid toxic reaction
68
Synergistic effect
when the response elicited by combined drugs is greater than the effect of each drug given alone
69
An example of synergistic effect would be combining hydrochlorothiazide with __________ for the treatment of hypertension
lisinopril
70
_______ decreases the anticoagulant effect of warfarin
green leafy vegetables
71
______ decreases the effect of antibiotics
dairy products
72
_________ decreases the drug metabolism and increases the effects of anticholesterol drugs, antidysrhythmic drugs, antiseizure drugs and calcium channel blockers
grapefruit juice

NUR 170 Test 4 (5 decks)

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