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Learning & Memory > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the simplest unit of unconditioned behaviour?

A

a reflex

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2
Q

what is a reflex?

A

a stereotyped pattern of movement of a part of the body that can be reliably elicited by presenting the appropriate stimuli
can involve only one gland or set of muscles

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3
Q

What is a startle response?

A

a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus - involves the automatic tightening of skeletal muscles as well as various hormonal & visceral changes

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4
Q

what is an orienting response?

A

we automatically position ourselves to facilitate attending to a stimulus - can involve a relatively major body movement, such as when we automatically turn in response to unfamiliar noise behind us

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5
Q

what is reflexive behaviour commonly considered as?

A

an automatic and invariant consequence of the eliciting stimulus - however we know that the responses don’t occur with the same vigour every time

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6
Q

is elicited behaviour flexible or inflexible?

A

flexible

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7
Q

why is reflexive behaviour modifiable?

A

so we can focus on relevant stimuli and not react to unimportant stimuli

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8
Q

if a stimulus is relevant we tend to

A

not habituate

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9
Q

if a stimulus is irrelevant we tend to?

A

habitiuate

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10
Q

what are the two things that regulate our reflex responses

A

habituation & sensitisation

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11
Q

what is the habituation effect

A

a progressive decrease in the vigour of an elicited response that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

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12
Q

what is the sensitisation effect

A

an increase in the vigour of elicited behaviour that may result from repeated presentation of the same stimulus

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13
Q

what are the general principles of habituation

A
  1. the course of habituation -
  2. the effects of time -
  3. relearning effects
  4. effects of stimulus intensity
  5. effects of stimulus frequency
  6. effects of over learning
  7. stimulus generalisation
  8. effects of exposure to a second stimulus
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14
Q

discuss 2. the effects of time to habituation

A

following habituation, if the stimulus is withheld for some period the response will recover. Cases in which significant spontaneous recovery does & does not occur are called short and long term habituation

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15
Q

discuss 1. the course of habituation

A

decrements in responding from trial to trial

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16
Q

discuss 3. relearning effects

A

while habituation may disappear over a long period of time, it should proceed more rapidly in a second series

17
Q

discuss 4. effects of stimulus intensity

A

habituation is stronger when stimulus intensity is weaker

18
Q

discuss 5. effects of stimulus frequency

A

high versus low stimulus frequency and decline in responding

19
Q

discuss 6. effects of overlearning

A

further learning can occur when there is no longer any change in observable behaviour (below-zero habituation) to increase long-term retention to habituation

20
Q

discuss 7. stimulus generalisation

A

the transfer of habituation from one stimulus to new but similar stimuli is generalisation

21
Q

discuss 8. effects of exposure to a second stimulus

A

this may result in the recovery of a previously habituated response (dishabituation)

22
Q

What are the general principles of sensitiation

A
  1. sensitisation effects are influenced by the same stimulus intensity and time factors that govern habituation phenomenon
  2. sensitisation may also be short term (decay as a result of time without stimulation) or long-term
  3. unlike habituation, sensitisation is not stimulus-specific e.g. shell shocked soldier
23
Q

Why does repeated exposure to certain stimuli sometimes result in habituation and sometimes in sensitisation?

A

intensity of the stimulus: a low intensity stimulus typically results in habituation, while a high intensity stimulus typically results in sensitisation
the evolutionary/adaptive significance of the stimulus

24
Q

are habituation & sensitisation associative/non-associative learning?

A

non-associative,

25
Q

Discuss sexual arousal as unconditioned desires

A

-a number of animals exhibit complex unconditioned display reactions bc of certain stimuli e.g. Japanese quail courting display

26
Q

What did Farris (1967) sought to investigate about conditioned sexual desires - what was the results

A

the extent to which courting displays could be classically conditioned by pairing a previously neutral stimulus (low intensity buzzer) with the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (female quail)
effects began to appear at 5th pairing - all components of courting was elicited by the birds by the buzzer alone after 32 pairings

27
Q

Discuss the study of behaviour in humans

A
  • 7 males subjects
  • US pictures nude women
  • CS picture of knee-length, black fur lined boots
  • boots 30 second, nude slides 10 seconds
  • arousal assessed by measuring penile erection
28
Q

What did the study in sexual arousal in humans find

A
  1. initially, none of Ss showed arousal to boots. After 30 pairings, 5/7 men showed arousal to boots.
  2. response generalised - 5 responded to different types of boots
  3. end of experiment, arousal to boots was extinguished by repeatedly showing boots by themselves
29
Q

What are the implications of the sexual arousal/classical conditioning experiment

A

shows that conditioning of this kind could have an important role in the development of abnormal behaviours such as fetishes
-classical conditioning may therefore play an important role in channeling sexual behaviour

30
Q

Discuss generalisation and Pavlov’s experiment

A

found that conditioning resulted in salivation not only to the one CS

  • after conditioning dogs salivated not only to the 1000-Hz tone but also to tones of 1100 Hz, 1200 Hz and so on
  • greatest salivation to tones most similar to training stimulus
31
Q

What is stimulus generalisation

A

transfer of effects of conditioning to similar stimulus - after conditioning with one particular CS, other similar stimuli can also elicit CRs, despite not being paired with the US

32
Q

What is stimulus discrimination

A

tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another… this can be deliberately trained

33
Q

Discuss a stimulus discrimination training example

A

Two types of trials randomly presented e.g. 2000-Hz tone & 1900 Hz tone. As result of training, the 2000-Hz tone has become an excitatory CS (or CS+) b/c it predicts the presentation of food, + the 1900-Hz tone has become an inhibitory CS or (CS-) b/c it predicts the absence of food.

34
Q

What chemical is associated with habituation?

A

calcium
-decreased calcium will decrease the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic sensory neuron. This will cause a decrease excitation in postsynaptic motor neuron which will decrease the gill withdrawal reflex.

35
Q

what is the difference between habituation & sensitisation and classical conditioning

A

h & s - non-associative single-stimulus

cc - associative, multiple stimulus’

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