Lecture 2 Flashcards
Recall the order structure of biological molecules
Building blocks → Macromolecules → Supramolecular Assemblies → Organelles
What are Macromolecules made up of
Building blocks (or Monomers) joined by strong covalent bonds in polymeric structure/fashion
Name the 4 macromolecules that all life is mainly composed of
- Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
- Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
- Proteins
- Lipids (non-polymeric macromolecule)
Name the four levels of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple carbs)
Disaccharides (simple carbs)
Oligosaccharides (Complex carbs)
Polysaccharides (Complex Carbs)
Which 3 of the 4 macromolecules are polymeric molecules
Polysaccharides, Nucleic acids, and Protiens
What is a macromolecule?
A macromolecule is when building blocks are put together in a polymeric fashion
Name the 2 types of Monosaccharides and where they get their name.
Hexose Monosaccharides and Pentose Monosaccharides. Their name prefixes refer to not the structure but the number of carbons.
What is are Disaccharides
A group of two monosaccharides joined together
What are Oligosaccharides
Several monosaccharides joined together. (Approx. 2-10)
What are Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides joined together (>10)
What can be described as “polymers of monosaccharides”
Carbohydrates
Name and explain 3 functions of Carbohydrates
Recognition
- of antibodies
- of other carbs
Energy
- Starch or Glycogen
- The bond can be broken by enzymes in out body to make energy
Structure
- Keep the structure of the plant
- We cant eat cellulose because we cant break down the hydrogen bonds
What type of macromolecules are known as “Informational molecules”
DNA & RNA (Nucleic acids)
How many parts is a nucleotide made up of? And what are these?
- a Phosphate group, a base, and a ribose sugar
How many types of DNA bases are there? Name them.
- Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine
How many types of RNA bases are there? Name them.
- Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine
What kind of polymeric structure are Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides. Made of chains of nucleotides
Which number carbon atoms link one nucleotide to the next in DNA & RNA?
The 3rd Carbon atom links to the 5th Carbon atom. (Clocklwise)
What is the role of protiens
Performing the various functions of the cell
How are lipids classified?
By their level of hydrophobia
What are the roles of Carbohydrates?
Recognition
- of antibodies
- of other carbs
Energy
- Starch or Glycogen in animals
- The bond can be broken by enzymes in out body to make energy
Structure
- Keep the structure of the plant
- We cant eat cellulose because we cant break down the hydrogen bonds
What are the two types of Monosaccharides?
Hexose Monosaccharides
Building blocks of higher order carbohydrates
Pentose Monosaccharides
Are usually part of larger molecules eg. nucleic acids
What is the role of lipids?
Structural
- like membranes
Regulatory
- eg. Steroids and hormones
Energy Levels
- Triacylglycerol (TAG)
- Can be broken up to make energy, however not as efficient
What is the role of proteins?
Molecules by which cells perform their functions in the whole organism.
What is the role of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are mainly informational molecules such as DNA & RNA.
Storing and transmitting generic material
What are the DNA base pairings?
Adenine with Thymine (A-T)
Cytosine with Guanine (C-G)
What are proteins polymers of?
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
Which one of the 4 macromolecules is NOT polymeric. (a polymer)
LIPIDS
