Lecture 2 Flashcards
Identify this part of the nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Identify this part of the nervous system
Central nervous system
Component sof the central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Components of the peripheral nervous system
everything else:
cranial nerves and ganglia
spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia
sympathetic nerves and ganglia
enteric nervous system
Identify the two division of the nervou system
central and peripheral nervou system
Where do cranial nerves extend from?
brainstem
where do spinal nerves extend from
spinal cord
Where do communications between neurons occur
synapses
Sequence of events at neuronal synapse
Neurotransmitters stores in synaptic vesicles are released from presynaptic terminals which then bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron.
When synaptic inputs are enough to excite a neuron, a voltage change called an action potential occurs, which travel down the axon to reach pre synaptic terminals where communication can happen at the next neuron.
Location of the nucleus of a cell
cell body
Insulation of axons and benefits
Axons often insulated by myelin sheath, which speed up rate of action potentials.
Function of neurotransmitters:
-Mediate rapid communication between neurons through EPSP and IPSPs
-Neuromodulation
differences between types of neurotransmitters
Can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on neuronal signalling
Main neurotramitters in CNS and their functions
Glutamate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory),
Main neurotransmitter in PNS and location
acetylcholine, neuromuscular junctions.
Identify main takeway from this figure
Neurons extrending out from CNS, from spinal cord axons projecting up make up PNS
Identify the main takeaway from this figure
Within cortex have nerves extending
Names and characterstics of grey matter
- cell bodies (and dendrites) concentrated together called:
- nuclei, cortex, laminae etc
- all have the same function, unmyelinated
Names and characteristics of white matter
- axons concentrated called:
- nerves, fibres, tracts, fasiculus, lemniscus, commisure, etc.
- Myelinated bundles that carry signals to and from the brain
Identify the three different connections within the brain
Projection fibres
commisural fibers
association fibres
Projection fibres
Consists of axons that relay impulses between the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord.
Long fibres relay info from brain to spinal cord
Short fibres relay info from brain to brainstem
Identify this type of fibre
Projection fibres
commissural fibres
commisural fibres cross between hemishpheres, connect one side of the brain to the other
Identify this type of fibre
Commissural fibres
Association fibres
Association fibres connect cortical areas within a hemishphere, e.g. connect assocaited areas, occipital lobe to the frontal lobe on the left hemishphere
Identify this type of fibre
Association fibres
Cortex
folded layer of grey matter (cell body and dendrites) on outer surface of the brain
Gyrus
outward fold
Sulcus
Inward fold (sulking)
Fissure
a deep sulcus (fishssure- deep water)
Identify this
cortex (grey matter)
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fissure
Identify this
gyrus
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sulcus
Identify this
white matter
Purpose of folds in cortex
increase the surface area for cell bodies
Identify this landmark
Interhemispheric fissure (longitudinal/sagital fissure)- separates two cerebral hemispheres
Identify this landmark
Lateral sulcus/ sylvian fissure- separates the frontal lobes inferiorly and laterally from the temporal lobes
Identify this landmark
central sulcus- anteriorly binds the pariental and frontal lobes
Identify this landmark
Pre central gyrus- runs in front of central sulcus
Identify ths landmark
Postcentral gyrus- runs behind the central sulcus
Identify this landmark
Cingulate sulcus- runs on the superior surface of the cingulate gyrus
Identify this landmark
parietal-occipital sulcus- separates the pariental and occipital lobes
Identify this landmark
Cingulate gyrus- surrounds the corpus collosum
Identify this landmark
corpus callosum- connects the homologous and heterologous areas of the two hemispheres
Identify the major lobes of the cortex
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
Identify this lobe
frontal lobe
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pariental lobe
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occipital lobe
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temporal lobe
Identify this structure
Brainstem
Identify this structure
cerebellum
Identify the components of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
Identify this lobe
Limbic lobe
is thalamus part of the brainstem
no
hemispheres of the thalamus
2, left and right
Describe interthalamic adhesions
white matter connecting the two thalamic sides
Identify this structure
Thalamus
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midbrain
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pons
Identify this structure
medulla
Identify this structure
Spinal cord
Identify the three major fossas for the brain
anterior, middle, posterior fossas
Identify this structure
medial view
Midbrain
Identify this structure
medial view
Pons
Identify this structure
medial view
Medulla
Identify this structure
medial view
Cerebellum
Identify this structure
medial view
Thalamus
Identify this structure
Cerebellum
Identify this structure
Spinal cord
*
Identify this structure
Brainstem
Identify this structure
Interhemispheric fissure
Identify this structure
frontal lobe
Identify this structure
temporal lobe
Describe where the cerebellum overlies
Overlies brainstem at level of the pons
foramens
Large openings- allow the passage of nerves and blood vessles to go in and out of the skull
largest foramen
Foramen magnum
Location of foramen magnum
at the base of the skull
Structure below formamen magnum
spinal cord
Structure above foramen magnum
Brainstem (medulla)
Point where spinal cord meets medulla
cervicomedullary junction- occurs at level of formamen magnum
anterior fossa contains
on each side of vault
inferior surface of frontal lobe
Middle fossa contains
on each side of cranial vault
temporal lobe
Posterior fossa contains
on each side of cranial vault
cerebellum and brainstem
structure separating anterior and middle fossas
lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Structure separating middle from posterior fossas
petrous ridge of the temporal bone
Identify this structure
anterior fossa
Identify this structure
lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Identify this structure
Middle fossa
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petrous ridge of temporal bone
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foramen magnum
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posterior fossa
Final projections of the brain offered by
-Meninges (“membranes”)
-Cerebral spinal fluid
Three layers of meninges from inside out
-pia mater
-arachnoid mater
-dura mater
Pia mater attached to ____
outer surcae of the brain
Identify this layer
brain
Identify this layer
pia mater
Identify this layer
arachnoid mater
Identify this layer
dura matter
Identify this layer
skull
Identify this layer
skin
Desribribe dura mater
outermost layer of the meninges, tough fibrous material
Two divisions of the dura mater
pariosteal, meningeal
Location of periosteal layer
adheres to inside of skull, follows skull outermost layer
Location of menigeal layer
fuses to periosteal layer exept where it extends inward to separate hemishpheres and cortex from cerebellum
Identify this structure
epidural space
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subdural space
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subarachnoid space
Identify this structure
perivascular space
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falx cerebri (dura)
Identify this structure
arachnoid trabeculae
Identify this layer
dura mater
Identify this layer
arachnoid mater
Identify this layer
pia mater
Identify this layer
meningeal layer
Identify this layer
periosteal layer
Identify this structure
arachnoid granulations
Identify this structure
bridging veins
The meningeal layer that separates the two cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
The meningeal layer that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
Identify this structure
falx cerebri
Identify this structure
tentorium cerebelli
location of arachnoid mater
adheres to inner surface of the dura mater
Inner most meningeal layer
pia mater
Three spaces fromed by the meninges
epidural space, subdural space. subarachnoid space
