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Biology 107 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Characteristics of

A

1) Water is polar
2) Molecules associate with each other via H bonds
3) Other polar molecules can interact with the dipoles

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2
Q

What is special about oxygen?

A

It is the most strongly electronegative atom, gains electrons

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3
Q

2 Characteristics of Covalent Bonding

A

1) Electrons are shared

2) Strong Bond

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4
Q

2 Characteristics of Ionic Bonding

A

1) Electrons sit ont he most electronegative atoms

2) Strong bond

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5
Q

2 Characteristics of Hydrogen Bonding

A

1) Electrons from H is shared below molecules

2) Weak bond

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6
Q

2 Characteristics of Van der Waals Bonding

A

1) Transient charge interaction

2) Weak Bond

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7
Q

4 Macromolecules

A

1) Sugars
2) Fats
3) Nucleic Acid
4) Proteins

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8
Q

3 Reasons Why Carbon is Bankbone of life

A

1) Can bond to 4 other Atoms
2) Can bond to other C
3) Can form double and triple bonds

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9
Q

2 Reasons why life is Carbon based

A

1) Allows for a vast diversity in molecule types

2) Extensibility of Carbon chaines (C-C) allows formation of macromolecules

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10
Q

Monomer

A

A single sub-unit or building block of a macromolecule / polymer

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11
Q

Polymer

A

A chain of monomers consisting of similar or identical sub units
eg. Amino Acids

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12
Q

Synthesis of Polymers

A

When a monomer is added to a growing polymer

  • Requires energy and releases water
    eg. DNA Replication, Protein translation
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13
Q

Breakdown of Polymers

A
  • Cleavage of covalent bonds that hold polymers together

- Often spontaneous, but slow ,releases energy

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14
Q

Function of Carbohydrates

A

Energy storage, Cell structure, cell-cell recognition

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15
Q

Monomers of Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharides
  • Multiples of carbon and water
    eg. Glicose
  • Exist in linear and ring forms
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16
Q

Disaccharides of Carbohydrates

A
  • Formed by a covalent bond

- Called a glycosidic bond between to monosaccarides

17
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • Polymers of monosaccharides
18
Q

4 Examples of Polysaccharides

A

1) Starch
2) Cellulose
3) Glycogen
4) Chitin

19
Q

Starch & Function

A
  • Nutritional Polysaccharide
  • Function is energy storage in plants
  • Polymer of glucose with alpha1-4 bond
  • Branched and unbranched
20
Q

Cellulose

A
  • Structural polysaccharide
  • Functions and structure to plant cell wall
  • Polymer of glucose with beta 1-4 glycoscidic bond
21
Q

Glycogen

A 
- Nutritional polysaccharide found in animals
Functions as energy storage for animals
- Polymer of glucose
- Highly Branched
- Stored in muscle and liver
22
Q

Chitin

A
  • Structural Polysaccharide

- When calcified it becomes insect exoskeleton

23
Q

Lipids / Fat

Classification & Function

A
  • Classified as lipids because they are all hydrophobic
  • Not true monomer / polymer
  • Non-polar bonds
24
Q

4 Structures of Lipids

A

1) Fatty Acids
2) Fats
3) Phospholipids
4) Steroids

25
Q

Fatty Acids

A
  • Chain of hydrogen and carbon, no dipoles
  • Non polar, because H and C have equal electronegativities
  • Hydrophobic
26
Q

Fats

A
  • Storage form of energy in animals
  • 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol (3C) backbone
  • Can be saturated or unsaturated
27
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

A

Saturated are solid at room temp and have no Carbon to Carbon double bond
Unsaturated are liquid at room temp and contain carbon to carbon double bonds
- Cause bend in chain

28
Q

Phospholipids Function and structure

A
  • Function in cell membrane
  • 2 Hydrocarbon chain attached to glycerol with an associated phosphate group (PO4)
  • Phosphate head has negative charge
  • Polar and hydrophilic
29
Q

Steroids Structure

A

Lipids characterized by a cholesterol backbone

- Cholesterol = hydrocarbon with 4 fused rings

30
Q

Function of Steroids

A

1) Backbone of steroid hormones
eg. Testosterone, estrogen
2) In animals, in plasma membrane to maintain fluidity

31
Q

Proteins

A
  • Polymers of Amino acids

- 4 Categories

32
Q

Four Categories of Amino Acids

A

1) Non Polar
2) Polar Uncharged
3) Polar Charged Acidic
4) Polar Charged Basic

33
Q

Non Polar Amino Acids

A

R groups of Hydrogen and Carbon

34
Q

Polar Uncharged

A

R Groups with OH or SH group

35
Q

Polar Charged Acidic

A

R groups with COO-

36
Q

Polar Charged Basic

A

R group with NH3

37
Q

Structure of Proteins

A
  • Functions in 3D but are synthesized as linear polypeptides

Biology 107 (4 decks)

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