Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Archaea

A

One of two Prokaryotic Domains

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

One of two Prokaryotic Domains

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3
Q

Eukarya

A

Domain including all eukaryotic organisms

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4
Q

Domain

A

Taxonomic level above kingdom, includes Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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5
Q

Kingdom

A

Second broadest category taxonomic category

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6
Q

Genus

A

Taxonomic category: above the species level, first word of scientific name

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7
Q

Species

A

Population or group of populations who’s members can interbreed and produce viable offspring

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8
Q

Prokarya

A

Kingdom made up of unicellular, non membrane bound organelles

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle of a eukaryotic cell containing genetic ion in the form of chromosomes made up of chromatin

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10
Q

Cladogram

A

Branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species

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11
Q

Monomer

A

The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer

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12
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers

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13
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalent bonded with removal of water

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14
Q

Hydroloysis Reaction

A

Reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water

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15
Q

Amphiphilic

A

Having both hydrophobic region and hydrophobic region

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16
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A strong chemical bond in which atoms differ in electronegativity

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17
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak chemical bond formed when slightly positive hydro atom is attracted to slightly negative negative atom

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18
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturdated

A

Saturated solid at room temp, and has no carbon-carbon double bond

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19
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When the cell uptakes a substance or organism, Cell eating

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21
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles to the plasma membrane

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22
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane

23
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in

24
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The currently accepted model of cell membrane

25
Q

Integral membrane protein

A

A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane

26
Q

Peripheral Membrane Protein

A

A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

27
Q

Amphiphilic Molecule

A

Molecule having both hydrophilic region and hydrophobic region

28
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to take up water

29
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to lose water

30
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell

31
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy

32
Q

Passive Transport

A

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy

33
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration differences of an ion across a membrane and the ions tendency to move relative to the membrane potential

34
Q

Electrogenetic Pump

A

An active transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane while pumping ions

35
Q

Proton Pump

A

An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell agains their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential

36
Q

Cotransport

A

The coupling of the downhill diffusion of one substance to the uphill transport of another against its own concentration gradient

37
Q

Selective Permeability

A

A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulation the passage of substances across them

38
Q

Gated Ion Channels

A

A gated channel for a specific ion. Opening or closing of this gate may affect a cells charge

39
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in electrical charge across a cell plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions

40
Q

Clathrin

A

Protein that plays a major role in forming vesicles

41
Q

Prokaryote

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane closed organelles. Bacteria and archaea

42
Q

Gram Positive

A

Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria

43
Q

Gram Negative

A

Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of a gram positive bacteria

44
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A type of polymer in bacteria cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross linked by shot polypeptides

45
Q

Penicillin

A

An antibiotic

46
Q

Periplasmic Space

A

The space in between two membranes like in Gram negative bacteria

47
Q

Outer Membrane

A

Found in gram negative bacteria

48
Q

Teichoic Acid

A

Present in peptiglycan layer and prevents bacteria from heat

49
Q

Inner Membrane

A

Membrane below peptiglycan layer in gram negative bacteria

50
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

A non membrane bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where DNA is concentrated

51
Q

Flagella

A

A long cellular appendage specialize for locomotion

52
Q

Flagellin

A

Protein that arranges itself to make the flagella

53
Q

Basal Aparatus

A

Eukaryotic cell structure consisting of arragments of microtubule triplets

54
Q

LPS Layer

A

Also known as endotoxin layer, large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide covalently bonded. Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, protects cell and increases charge.