Lecture 2

Question 1

Descriptive vs Normative claims

Answer 1

Descriptive (can be true or false) - how things are:
-Rabat is the capital of Australia

Normative - how things should be:
- Women should be included in clinical tests

Question 2

Variable meaning

Answer 2

Current scientific theories are likely to share the same fate as past theories.

Question 3

Dependent vs Independent variable

Answer 3

Dependent = variable whose change depends on another variable
Independent = variable that stands alone, that is, whose values vary independently from the values of other variables in an experiment.

Question 4

Ecological validity

Answer 4

is the degree to which experiment circumstances are representative of real-world circumstances

Question 5

Population validity

Answer 5

degree to which experimental entities are representative of the broader class of entities of interest

Question 6

internal experimental validity

Answer 6

scientists can correctly infer conclusions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables with great certainty

Question 7

External experimental validity

Answer 7

extent to which experimental results generalize from the experimental conditions to other conditions-especially to the phenomena the experiment is supposed to yield knowledge about

Question 8

Cohort study

Answer 8

researchers select a group of subjects according to set parameters, and then
track those subjects over time, at set intervals, to observe the effects of some conditions they experience

Question 9

Retrospective study

Answer 9

investigate their past in an attempt to identify the cause of a property of interest

Question 10

Prospective study

Answer 10

track their development forward in time to check the effects of that property