lecture 2 Flashcards
the art of effective and persuasive speaking or
writing
Rhetoric –
Deliberate use of language to effect change in thoughts,
feelings, and actions.
rhetoric
According to Bitzer (1968), it is the situation which calls the
rhetorical discourse into existence.
Rhetorical Situation
“Prerequisite” to a rhetorical discourse.
Rhetorical Situation
refers to background information that is necessary to
understand historical and/or situational circumstances of the
person, event, and/or idea.
context
Any time anyone is trying to make an argument, one is doing so out
of a particular context.
rhetorical situation
Problem addressed by
rhetorical discourse.
exigence
An imperfection, defect,
obstacle, unaccomplished
tasks, or something that is
other than it should be
exigence
People or individuals
whose thoughts and
behaviors can be
influenced by a Rhetorical
Discourse
audience
- Mediators of change
audience
People, events, objects,
and relations that have
the power to influence the
decisions and actions of
the audience to
modify the exigence
CONSTRAINTS
These can include –
beliefs, attitudes,
documents, facts,
traditions, images,
interests, motives, etc
constraints
When can an exigence be considered not
rhetorical?
- If it cannot be modified;
- If it can be modified ONLY by means other than discourse;
- When its modification requires merely one’s own action or
the application of a tool, but NEITHER REQUIRES NOR
INVITES the assistance of discourse.
When can an exigence be considered
rhetorical?
- Capable of positive modification; and
- When positive modification requires discourse or can be
assisted by discourse.
Does the Rhetorical Situation require an audience all the time?
NO, a rhetorical situation does not require an audience of all
the time.
Condor et al. (2013) – mostly concerned with strategies
used in constructing persuasive messages in debates and
disputes
Political Rhetoric
facilitates the making and hearing of representation claims spanning subjects and
audiences .
rhetoric
requires a deliberative
system with multiple components whose linkage
often needs rhetoric.” (Dryzek, 2010)
democracy
the character projected by the
speaker
ethos
Aristotle argued that audiences could be swayed not only by the style and
content of an argument, but also the
character projected by the
speaker (ethos)
According to Aristotle, [blank] is the capacity of discovering in any particular case the
available means of persuasion.
rhetoric
The responsibility of bringing this discourse into existence
rests on the
rhetor
functions to produce change within a situation
through the use of discourse.
rhetoric
These constraints can generally be classified into two:
(1) those originated
or managed by the speaker; and (2) other constraints arising out of the situation.
has been used to expose ineffective policies and advance
necessary changes in democratic societies.
rhetoric
required loud voices
and formal gestures in order to be effective.
political oratory
three means of persuasion by Aristotle
ethos or ethical appeal
pathos or emotional appeal
logos or logical appeal
ethos
ethical appeal
pathos
emotional appeal
logos
logical appeal
the attitude of a perceiver toward a source of information at a given time.
ethos
it is an
audience member’s evaluation of the speaker’s character.
ethos
ethos is based on the
perceiver not the source
what is tthe aim of ethos
to show sincerity and the trustworthiness of the speaker
often deal with audience members who subscribe to a wide range of
beliefs.
political communicators
“single rhetorical identity
a group bound by an overarching characteristic.
three requirements must be met in order to be an effective political leader
1) diverse communities must be regrouped into a single identity category.
2) the leader’s
propositions must fulfill the needs of this category.
3) the leader must present him/
herself as a prototypical in-group member
political sphere is invariably tied with
rhetorical discourse
The persuasive quality of a piece of information is also affected by
reach
refers to the number of people who can access the information at
any given time
multiplicity
encourages an oral and casual style
speed
encourages redundant and repetitive postings
speed
permits communicattion among multiple particiapants in an array of media and thus the development of communities of interest on a global scale
reach
it does not include the benefits of gatekeeping
reach
encourages experiments in self and gender identities
anonymity
the hostile expression of strong emotions
anonymity
permits closer access to other people with increased opportunities for discussion and feedback
interactivity
permits increased opportunities for intrusion upon personal privacy
interactivity
