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PSYC1030 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

maturation

A

biologically based changes that follow an orderly sequence

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2
Q

What is the focus of developmental psychology?

A

How humans develop and change over time

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3
Q

What is human development characterised by?

A

critical periods

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4
Q

What is nature (nature vs. nurture)?

A

our predisposition and genetics

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5
Q

What is nurture?

A

an individual’s environment and external factors

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6
Q

What do we assume about change?

A

It is inevitable, can occur across entire life span of person (conception to death)

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7
Q

What is the critical period?

A

brain is set to acquire function during limited time period- if key experiences don’t occur, function may not develop or be fully developed

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8
Q

What are the sensitive periods?

A

Times that are particularly important but no definitive for development, understanding related to research about childhood deprivation and maltreatment

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9
Q

What is change?

A

Acquisition or loss of a behaviour or function

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10
Q

What is continuous change?

A

gradual alteration of behaviour

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11
Q

What is discontinuous change?

A

Stages of growth that are qualitatively different, usually ordered in fixed sequence

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12
Q

What is cross- sectional designs?

A

Compares groups of different ages at same time- see if there are differences

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13
Q

What are the pros of cross-sectional design?

A

useful for assessing age differences

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14
Q

What are the cons of cross-sectional design?

A

not useful for examining age changes- each cohort has diff. life experience

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15
Q

What is longitudinal design?

A

Compares same group at multiple time points eg. 20, 30, 50, etc.

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16
Q

What are the pros of longitudinal design?

A

see how individual changes overtime- compare to past self

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17
Q

What are the cons of longitudinal design?

A

hard when you want to assess age changes over long period of time, not effective in making conclusions about general population

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18
Q

What is sequential studies?

A

examines different age groups at multiple time points (reduce cohort effects)

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19
Q

Differences between longitudinal design and sequential studies

A

similar but sequential does not compare current age to past age/results

only looks at current life

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20
Q

Periods in prenatal development (in the womb)

A

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

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21
Q

Germinal Period

A

fertilised egg (zygote) enters 2 week period of rapid cell division

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22
Q

Embryonic Period

A

developing human organism (embryo) from 2 weeks- 2nd months

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23
Q

Fetal Period

A

Developing human organism (fetus) from 9 weeks after conception - birth

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24
Q

Teratogens

A

environmental agents that harm embryo or fetus, eg. drugs, radiation, viruses, chemicals, nicotine, caffeine

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25
Q

What causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and what are the impacts?

A

Fetus exposed to alcohol- can cause physical and mental disabilities

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26
Q

What are the impacts of Rubella?

A

deafness, mental retardation

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27
Q

What are the impacts of significant maternal stress during pregnancy?

A

attention and motor development difficulties in children, can arise early on or later

caused by high cortisol levels from stress

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28
Q

What are reflexes?

A

innate motor responses elicited by critical stimuli, are adaptive

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29
Q

When do many infant reflexes disappear and why?

A

after first 6-7 months, since they gain more autonomy

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30
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

Touch on cheek induces infant to move mouth towards source of touch- helps guide feeding

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31
Q

What is the sucking reflex? Relation to novel and familiar stimuli?

A

Tactile stimulation of the mouth produces rhythmic sucking
Sucking rate increases with novel, decreases with familiar

infants can be trained to suck pacifier

32
Q

Where do motor skills start to development from?

A

Head to toes

33
Q

What is puberty?

A

Time where people become capable of reproduction

physical, mental, hormonal, life changes

maturational changes influence psychological development

34
Q

When do females experience menarche?

A

about 11-13

35
Q

When do males being to produce mature sperm?

A

about 14.5

36
Q

When is physical growth mostly complete?

A

end of adolescence

37
Q

When does muscle and sensory function show subtle decline?

A

30+ years

38
Q

When do women experience menopause around?

A

51
women tend to undergo more change in later life than men

39
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

inability to hear high frequency sounds
one of the substantial sensory changes that occur in later life

40
Q

What is ageism?

A

discriminatory western stereotypical views that ageing implies decline

41
Q

What is the notion of healthy ageing?

A

ageing not synonymous with physical and functional decline, instead view what they can contribute eg. knowledge

42
Q

What is the orienting reflex?

A

tendency to pay greater attention to novel stimuli than familiar stimuli

longer fixation time ( focus time dec. with each repeated showing)

brain waves differ between novel and familiar stimuli

43
Q

What does the orienting reflex teach about children?

A

Infants can remember things and form basic-level categories for animals by 10 months

44
Q

What is an infant’s hearing like? Reponse to loud sounds?

A

well developed at birth
change heart rate (even in the womb)

45
Q

What is an infant’s visual perception like?

A

poor at birth
improve to 20/100 by 6 mths, focus best on objects 18-20 cm away- mother’f face when nursing

why humans have breasts on chest- develop connection

46
Q

What is intermodal processing? When is it present?

A

present at birth
infant turns eyes towards source of sound- integration of sight and sound

47
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Lack of explicit (conscious) memory for events before 3-4 yrs

48
Q

What is representational flexibility?

A

Ability to retrieve memories despite changes in cue (environment)

49
Q

What forms of implicit memory are present from birth?

A

Relationship between a movement and its consequences
faster response to previously seen stimuli

baby require cue/stimulus to remind them of implict (unconscious) memory

50
Q

What does cognition mean?

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating

51
Q

What was Piaget’s interest?

A

Epistemology- branch of philosophy concerned with the acquisition of knowledge

52
Q

What was Piaget the first theorist to suggest?

A

children knew differntly from adults, not the assumption that they know less

53
Q

What was Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Children have intellectual schemes that are modified/change as the child seeks to understand its world
Underestimated capacities of infants + preschool children
Rarely considered role of culture

proposed novel explanations of how chilcren acquire knowledge

conducted experiements to test hypothesis

54
Q

What are schema?

A

organised patterns of thought or behaviour, are the basis of knowledge

like a script eg. birthday party

as we get older, adapt schema- allow us to better predict future events

55
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Taking in new information and incorporating it into existing schema

a process that allows children to handle new information and situtations

56
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Adjusting current scheme to meet/accomodate new information

a process that allows children to handle new information and situtations

57
Q

What is equilibration?

A

The driving force between cognitive development
Involves balancing of these two processes

58
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Realisation object continues to exist even if cannot be seen

59
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

cognitive view where child understands world to only have their view- difficult to understand other’s views eg. mountain example

60
Q

What is conservation?

A

Understanding that basic properties of object are constant even if object changes shape eg. water in containers, coins in row

61
Q

What is the concept of theory of mind?

A

Understanding that others have thoughts and feelings different to their own

62
Q

What approach did Piaget adopt to development?

A

Strict stage

63
Q

What was Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development?

A

Emphasised role of social interaction as motivation for cognitive gains and learning
Zone of Proximal Development- most learning happens in second ring
Children learn through collaboration, observation, imitation of significant others eg. parents

ZOPD stretches from sole performance to collaborative cooperation

64
Q

What are the 5 processes in the information-processing approach to cognitive development?

A

Processing speed, automisation, knowledge base, cognitive strategies, metacognition

PS- mental quickness inc with age, A- ability to perform some tasks auto

Knowledge base- children gain knowledge with experience

65
Q

What does non-piagetian theory integrate?

A

Piagetian and information processing theories

66
Q

Why is assessing cognition as people age difficult?

A
  • problems with experimental designs (cohorts)
  • lack of motiviation- can produce what appear to be cognitive deficits
  • different cognitive aspects may be influenced by aging in different ways
  • cultural beliefs about aging- can affect how elderly subjects think and remember
67
Q

What is psychomotor slowing?

A

Older people requiring more time to process information

68
Q

What changes occur to short-term memory with age?

A

relatively unchanged

69
Q

What changes occur to working memory with age?

A

difficulties in complex tasks

70
Q

What changes occur to long-term memory with age?

A

storage unchanged, retrieval (recall) becomes more difficult

71
Q

What changes occur to everday memory with age?

A

shows both gains and losses

72
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

ability to process new information, think abstractly and solve problems

73
Q

What is crystallised intelligence?

A

knowledge from prior learning and experiences

74
Q

What is dementia?

A
  • not inevitable part of ageing
  • progressive and incurable disorder
  • marked by global disturbances of higher mental functions
  • only 1% population suffer dementia
  • half of cases reltaed to Alzheimer’s disease
75
Q

How is Alzheimer’s disease related to memory?

A

associated with brain damage + loss of neurons critical for memory

PSYC1030 (3 decks)

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