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69:252 Psychopharmacology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A subspecialty of pharmacology that concentrates on:
1. the impact of drugs on the brain
2. the impact of diseases on the central nervous system
3. the behavioural consequences of psychiatric medicine

A

Psychopharmacology

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2
Q

Nervous systemis composed of:

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

Contains the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

Contains:
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

Contains:
Parasympathetic System
Sympathetic System

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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6
Q

With the increased need to reduce the stigma of mental illness across the globe, many individuals are using the term “chemical imbalance of the brain” to describe mental illness.

According to David Anderson, what is the ramification of this oversimplification?

A

Doesn’t address the complexity of mental illness

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7
Q

The target of psychiatric medications is primarily the ____

A

CNS

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8
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system is the _______

A

Neuron

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9
Q

also called sensory neurons, are the nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain. Sensory information may involve special senses, such as vision, hearing, smell, or taste, as well as the sense of touch, pain, and temperature.

A

Afferent neurons

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10
Q

As the name suggests, _________ are the ones in between -they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. As well as transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons, can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity.

A

interneurons

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11
Q

also called motor neurons, are the nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action. In other words, they are the neurons that tell your body to perform an action, such as removing your hand from a hot pan.

A

Efferent neurons

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12
Q

Composed of:
Afferent Neurons
Interneurons
Efferent Neurons

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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13
Q

Effects on the _____ contribute to the pharmacological profile of psychiatric drugs
Regulates autonomic or unconscious responses to stimuli

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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14
Q

Is the nerve cell or the neuron
Transmit messages from other neurons and communicate with one another
______ can affect this transmission.

A

Drugs

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15
Q

have 4 basic parts:
Soma (Cell Body)
Dendrites
Axon
Axon Terminals

A

Neurons

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16
Q

cell body

A

Soma

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17
Q

large and small branches of the neuron

A

Dendrites

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18
Q

long slender tube

A

Axon

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19
Q

are found at the end of axons, they contain small sacs or vesicles that hold neurotransmitters

A

Axon Terminals

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20
Q

Neural communication facilitated:

A

Electrically
Chemically

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21
Q

occurs within the neuron (nerve impulse)

A

Electrically

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22
Q

occurs between the neurons

A

Chemically

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23
Q

Nerves send messages through

A

action potentials

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23
Q

how electric signals are transmitted from one neuron to the next

A

Action Potential

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24
Q

Electrical action potentials are transmitted across the synapse by __________.

A

neurotransmitters

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25
Q

causes this electrical charge

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

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26
Q

Stimulation of the nerve causes

A

Depolarization

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27
Q

needs to occur prior to the nerve being able to be depolarized again

A

Repolarization

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28
Q

At the end of the ____ there is a halt in electrical communication

A

axon

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29
Q

Chemical communication is required between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a

A

gland/muscle

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30
Q

are the chemical messengers that are released into the synaptic cleft (between neurons)

A

Neurotransmitters

31
Q

is the same as the synaptic gap

A

Synaptic cleft

32
Q

Have receptors
Receptors are proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane and have binding sites for endogenous substances and drugs.
____________ needs to return to a resting state so that it can be activated again

A

Post-Synaptic Effector Cell

33
Q

found within the body

A

Endogenous

34
Q

The neuron transmitting the electrical impulse away from the synapse is called post-synaptic neuron,if the post-synaptic cell is not neuronal it is sometimes referred to as an _______. Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components

A

effector cell

35
Q

Is what the drug does to the body or how the drug behaves in the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

36
Q

Most drugs exert their effect by chemically binding with receptors at the cellular level

This is the ______ theory of action

A

Receptor Theory of Action

37
Q

_________ produce reactions one of three ways:
1. Enzyme Alteration
2. Open or Close Ion Channels
3. Neurohormone Alteration

A

Drugs

38
Q

“Feel good” pathways
Movement, coordination, judgement, release of prolactin
↑Mania, anxiety, schizophrenia, addiction
↓ Parkinson’s disease, depression, ADHD

A

Dopamine (D2)

39
Q

Fight or flight
Mood, cognition, perception, motion, cardiovascular function, sleep, arousal

↑Mania, anxiety, schizophrenia
↓Depression

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

40
Q

“Excitatory” neurotransmitter
Sleep, arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, pain, coordination

↑Anxiety
↓ Depression, anxiety

A

Serotonin (5-HT)

41
Q

Wakefulness, pain, inflammation
↑Sleep disorders, anxiety, Alzheimer’s disease, psychosis
↓Depression

A

Histamine

42
Q

Synaptic communication
Parasympathetic system
Sleep, arousal, pain, movement, memory
↑Depression
↓Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)
(Cholinergic)

43
Q

Inhibitory
Slow down body activity, reduces activity in neurons
↑Toxic levels - encephalopathy
↓Huntington’s disease, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and forms of epilepsy

A

Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
(Amino Acid)

44
Q

Communicate sensory information
↑Huntington’s disease, forms of epilepsy, anxiety, depression
↓ Schizophrenia

A

Glutamate
(Amino Acid)

45
Q

makes it’s own antidepressants, anxiolytics and hallucinogens

A

Brain

46
Q

Therefore pharmaceuticals often ______ the brain’s natural neurotransmitters

A

mimic

47
Q

Drugs act on a specific receptor site
The drugs chemical composition is similar to the neurotransmitter for that receptor

A

Psychopharmacologic Action

48
Q

When attached to a receptor, the ____ can have one of two actions:
1. agonist
2. antagonist

A

drug

49
Q

is the degree of strength in the bond between a drug and the receptor

A

Affinity

50
Q

the ability of a drug to be specific to a certain receptor

A

Selectivity

51
Q

ability of the drug to produce a biological response once attached to the receptor

A

Intrinsic Activity

52
Q

Use of multiple medications

A

Polypharmacy

53
Q

Leads to:
Greater complications
Diminished mental status
Increase in the risk-to-benefit ratio

A

Polypharmacy

54
Q

*Maybe slowed
Decreased function of ventricles, intestines and the blood flow to intestines

A

ABSORPTION

55
Q

*Decreased distribution of water soluble drugs
*Increased distribution of lipid soluble drugs
Increase in body fat due to aging

A

DISTRIBUTION

56
Q

*Hepatic metabolism may be reduced
Decreased hepatic blood flow and liver mass

A

METABOLISM

57
Q

*Renal elimination is reduced
Decreased glomerular filtrationrate

A

EXCRETION

58
Q

affinity to water (water soluble)

A

Hydrophilic drugs

59
Q

affinity to lipids (lipid soluble) – most meds stored in adipose tissue (as most meds are lipid soluble) Need to be lipid soluble to pass the B-Brain barrier

A

Lipophilic drugs

60
Q

Take a thorough list of medications taken by the client (including OTC, herbal and prescription)
Assess clients’ ability for excretion (kidney function)
Assess clients ability for metabolism (liver function)
Assess therapeutic drug levels
Educate the client about potential drug interactions
Educate client about generic and trade names to prevent overmedication
Assess the clients adherence to medication
Provide client with medication administration aids

A

Prevention of Adverse Effects

61
Q

Water soluble drugs are more diluted and therefore drug dosage requirements may increase.
Increased plasma volume and body water.

Increased cardiac output and increased blood flow to uterus, kidneys, skin and breasts.

A

ABSORPTION in Pregnant People

62
Q

Fat soluble drugs more widely distributed and stay in the body longer.

Decreased capacity of drug binding
Increased weight and body fat

Decreased serum albumin

A

DISTRIBUTION in Pregnant People

63
Q

Increased ________ and clearance of many drugs
Increased hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone) induce drug metabolizing hormones in the liver

A

METABOLISM in Pregnant People

63
Q

Increased _______ of drugs by the kidneys

Decreased when women is supine
Increased renal blood glow and glomerular filtration

Renal blood flow may decrease when the woman assumes a supine position

A

EXCRETION in Pregnant People

64
Q

Numerous medications also cause a _______ risk by crossing the placenta and are also secreted in breast milk

A

teratogenic

65
Q

______is sensitive to drug effects because:
Size
Few plasma proteins that can bind drug molecules
Weak capacity for metabolizing and excreting drugs

A

Fetus

66
Q

Molecular size, weight, and lipid solubility determine which substances (chemicals, drugs and antibodies) are readily _____ into the fetal circulation from the maternal circulation

A

absorbed

67
Q

Difference in body composition
Immature systems
Genetic make up

A

Pharmacodynamic differences are caused by

68
Q

Throughout ______ the effectiveness of drugs are also influenced by
Total body water
Fat stores
Protein amounts

A

childhood

69
Q

Oral medications most likely will need to have dosage adjustments

IM medications should be avoided

Topical drugs have a higher rate of absorption
Age of the child, gastric emptying, and intestinal motility

Unpredictable absorption

Skin permeability

A

ABSORPTION in Pediatrics

70
Q

Serum levels of highly protein-bound drugs may be higher in infants and toxicity may occur

Adverse effects of drugs that affect the CNS occur in neonates
Percentage of body water

Degree of protein binding

Development of blood brain barrier

A

DISTRIBUTION in Pediatrics

71
Q

Drugs will either metabolize too quickly or too slowly
Immaturity level of liver in children and infants causes a difference in the metabolism of drugs

A

METABOLISM in Pediatrics

72
Q

Drugs may stay in the system longer
Slower renal clearance

Reduced glomerular filtration rate

A

EXCRETION in Pediatrics

73
Q

Who said these things?
Brain is a bag of chemicals - some imbalances in flavour profile
Create treatments that target the problem without causing side effects
Medications now address the entire brain - not a specific spot (not specific enough area that medication effects)

A

David Anderson

74
Q

Post-Synaptic Effector Cell can be activated again by

A
  • Reuptake
  • Enzyme

69:252 Psychopharmacology (14 decks)

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