Lecture 1 Flashcards
Began in the 12th Century
Process of cutting holes or drilling holes into the brain to “let the demons escape”
Trepanation
Used in the early 20th Century
Baths, packs and sprays were used
Warm Baths – were used for clients with insomnia, suicidal ideation, and to help to calm agitated clients
Cold Baths – were used for clients with Mania and Psychosis
Baths, showers and packs could last from 3 hours to a few days
Hydrotherapy
Used extensively in 1940’s and 1950’s
Process – clients received high levels of insulin to induce coma
After the “prescribed” amount of time the client was revived with an emergency dose of glucose
Insulin Shock Therapy
Metrazol or Cardiazol is a synthetic preparation of Camphor
Small doses of Camphor produce tachycardia, can act as a diuretic, reduce appetite and slow breathing
Large doses are lethal
Metrazol was used in 1935 by Ladislas von Meduna to induce coma in clients with Schizophrenia
Metrazol Convulsive Therapy
Created in the 1930’s by Egaz Moniz
Brain surgery that severed and damaged the prefrontal lobe.
Widespread until the end of the 1950s
Speculated that this type of surgery removed the harmful parts of the brain that contributed to Schizophrenia, Depression and Anxiety.
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Invented by Ugo Cerletti
Electric shock used to stimulate a seizure
Use of ECT started in the 1940’s and continues today
Practice today has changed significantly
Electroconvulsive Therapy
study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms.
Pharmacology
use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms and disease processes.
Drug Therapy
drugs given for therapeutic purposes.
Medications
the first drug of a particular drug class to be developed
Prototypes
is related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the manufacturer.
Generic Name
is the name that is designated and patented by the manufacturer
Brand (Trade) Name
Pre-clinical studies
↓
Clinical trials
↓
Drug submission to Health Products and Food Branch
↓
Submission review
↓
Market authorization decision
↓
Public access
↓
Surveillance and investigation
Regulatory Processes in Canada
- Right medication
- Right client
- Right dose
- Right route
- Right time and frequency
- Right documentation
- Right reason/assessment
- Right to refuse
- Right evaluation
- Right client education
Ten Rights of Medication Administration
Oral (PO, sublingual)
Intramuscular (IM)
Subcutaneous (Sub-Q)
Intravenous (IV)
Inhalation (nasal, oral)
Transdermal (topical)
Vaginal
Rectal
Enteral (Nasogastric, GI tube)
are all…
Routes of administration
Pharmacology textbooks
Drug Reference Books
(ex. Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties)
Journal Articles
Credible Internet Sites
(ex. Health Canada, Manitoba Health)
Sources of Drug Information
may be defined as the study of the dynamic movements of foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) during their passage through the body and as such encompass the kinetics of absorption, distribution, biotransformation/metabolism and excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Principles of ADME
Specific processes are:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Onset of drug action largely related to the rate of
Absorption
medication form,
route of administration,
administration site,
blood flow,
GI function, and
presence of food and other drugs.
Factors that affect absorption
depends on blood circulation
Distribution
protein binding
blood-brain barrier
pregnancy
lactation
Distribution is affected by
Method that drugs are inactivated or bio transformed by the body
Metabolism
Active metabolites
Inactive metabolites
Prodrugs
Drugs are changed to
Elimination of the medication from the body
Excretion
____ depends on adequate function of:
kidneys and bowels
circulatory system
lungs
skin
Excretion
the length of time it takes for ½ the dosage of a medication to be metabolized
Half Life
What the drug does to the body or how the drug behaves in the body
Pharmacodynamics
Most drugs exert their effect by chemically binding with receptors at the cellular level
Receptor Theory of Action
