lecture 2

Question 1

what are the 4 main areas of ethical principles?

Answer 1

1. harm to participants
2. lack of informed consent
3. invision of privacy
4. deception

Question 2

what is meant by harm to participants;

Answer 2

phisical harm, harm to participant development, loss of self esteem, stress

Question 3

harm to participants - quantitative research;

Answer 3

easy to make it anomynous and report findings in a way that doesnt aloow individuals to be recognized

Question 4

harm to participants - qualitative research

Answer 4

less easy, parcicular care has to be taken with the possible identification of a person, pseudonymes are common, but do not eliminate the problem whole.

Question 5

secondairy analysis =

Answer 5

re-analysing the found data to gain new insights or answer different research questions

Question 6

lack of informed consent;

Answer 6

prospective researchers should be given as much information as might be needed to make an informed decision about whether ot not they which to participate in the study

Question 7

lack of informed consent - convert observations

Answer 7

does not give the opportunity to the participants to decidem because they do not know that they are being observed

Question 8

lack of informed consent - two major paoints stand out;

Answer 8

1. it is extremely difficult to present prospective participants with absolute all the information that might be required for them to make an informend decision about their involvement
2. in ethnographic research, the researcher comes in contact with a lot of people and ensurinf that everyone has the opportunity for informed consent is not practicable, because it would disrupt the everyday context

Question 9

Invision of privacy;

Answer 9

people agree to fo an interview, they can refusee to answer some questions on whatever grounds they feel valid.

Question 10

Deception =

Answer 10

it occurs whenb researchers represent their work as other then what it is

Question 11

probability sampling =

Answer 11

ransom sampling a method of selecting a sample from a population in which each member of the population has the same equal chance of being included

Question 12

purposive sampling =

Answer 12

judgemental sampling or selective sampling, researcher use their judgement, expertice and prior knowledgde to identify and select their particiapnts.

Question 13

levels of sampling;

Answer 13

1. sampling of context
2. sampling of participants

Question 14

theoretical sampling =

Answer 14

form of purposice sampling, researchers select participants or data sources based on the theories or concepts they are developing during the research process

Question 15

theoretical saturation =

Answer 15

it is reached when researchers have gathered enough data and analyzed it to the extend that they have thorough understanding of the patterns, themesm and the concepts that are relevant to their research question and their topic.

Question 16

4 types of probability sampling;

Answer 16

1. simple random sampling
2. stsyematic sampling
3. stratified sampling
4. cluster sampling

Question 17

5 types of non-probability sampling;

Answer 17

1. convenience sampling
2. voluntary sampling
3. purposive sampling
4. snowball sampling
5. quota sampling

Question 18

ethonography =

Answer 18

first hand study of the life of communities, institutions, and other settings within thier local context and the integration of this systematic approach with the theoretical interpretations in written text

Question 19

characteristics of ethnography;

Answer 19

• in natural setting
• involves face-to-face interaction with people
• emphasises perspectives and meanings

Question 20

what does an ethnographer do?

Answer 20

narrates, translates and textualizes

Question 21

what are the pros of being insoder?

Answer 21

*Gaining acceptance from the participants;
*Knowing what to see/ask from the participants;
*Use their knowledge of the group to gain more intimate insights;
*Being less invasive to the studied context;

Question 22

what are the cons of being insider?

Answer 22

*Restrict the researcher’s ability to be critical;
*Difficult to detach their personal experiences from those of the participants;
*Struggle to offer a distinct, neutral, and balanced point of view;
*Representing and speaking for the community (going native).

Question 23

what are to pros of being outsider?

Answer 23

*Understanding/representing ‘accurately’ without distorting the meanings;
*Having a greater degree of objectivity and ability to observe behaviours;
*Allow them to see what others may take for granted;
*They are more likely to be perceived as neutral and therefore be given information that would not be
given to an insider;

Question 24

what are the cons being outsider?

Answer 24

*Difficult to gain access to participants;
*Participants may be unwilling to disclose their attitudes;
*Lack of internal and intimate knowledge about the target group (educate yourself!)