Lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Measurement Issues
A
- sophisticated technique does not guarantee that research is high quality
- design of study is very important (proper sequencing of items, sufficient controlled contrasts
- nothing can substitute for thoughtful analysis of data (important for after you get data)
- must be made at very short intervals and high frequencies
- must be small and waterproof
2
Q
Levels of Measurement
A
- Source of movement (what allows it to move{artics})
- artic position-over-time (see how it changes over time. need to be able to capture very rapid move.)
- effects of movements (acoustics, speech production, perception)
- example: 1st position= source
3
Q
Sources of Movements
A
- physical events leading to artic movements
- EMG, air pressure
4
Q
EMG
A
- recording of electrical activity that accompanies muscle contraction
- shows us how the muscles are brought together and coordinated
- looks at SOURCE of movement
- electrodes inserted into muscle
- allows us to discover which muscle allows movement
5
Q
Air Pressure as a Source of Movement
A
- may be CAUSE of movements but also RESULT of movements
- can be source
- respiration problem will affect phonation
- air pressure gets vocal folds moving
- moves PCA (abductors)
- INT and LCA (adductors)
- gets movement started
6
Q
Articulator Position-Over-Time
A
- record position of an artic at many successive time points
- record overall image of artic (MRI but can’t get speech at same time and ultrasound is expensive)
- record positions of small points on artic (fleshpoints) or size of opening (aperture)
7
Q
Imaging Techniques
A
- radiography and fluoroscopy
- optical cine
- MRI
- Ultrasound
- Endoscopy
8
Q
Radiographic Microbeam pellet tracking
A
- placed tip/blade of tongue and xrays just pellets
- show shape and space in vocal tract/ tongue
- can get info of shape of tongue
- give us 4 pts. that are jumping around
- gives us tongue positions on sounds
9
Q
Electromagnetic Articulometry (EMMA)
A
- cone rest on shoulders, sensors placed on artics and measures reflection of magnetic waves
- pellet placed on nose to keep things lined up, lip and tongue
- to find where tongue is during articulation
10
Q
Strain Gauge
A
- measures movement
- electrodes placed on top/lower lip and jaw tugs down on jaw to see what happens.
- tries to disturb artic and see how compensate to get back to original position
- to see how ppl organize lip and jaw
11
Q
Electroglottography (EGG)
A
- electrodes placed on outside of thryoid cartilage and electrical current passes through electrodes
- open ^ closed—measures opening and closing of vocal folds
- when vfs open have a break in circuit, when together can go across vfs.
- can provide us a display of pitch and traces of pitch
12
Q
Electropalatography (EPG)
A
- molded for one
- tracking system
- artificial palate has gold plated electrodes in semi circular rows
- when tongue hits, it closes circuit and indicates contact made
- palates specifically made for each client b/c palate is different in U.S.
- good for children with repaired cleft palates
13
Q
Flashpoint and Aperture Tracking
A
- Radiographic Microbeam Pellet Tracking
- Electromagnetic Articulometry
- Strain Gauge
- Velotrace
- Photodetection–Transillumination
- EPG
- EGG
14
Q
Effects of Movements
A
- results of movements
- generally aerodynamic or acoustic effects
15
Q
Effects of Movement of Airflow
A
- volume and rate of air flowing through an aperture
- pressure of air that builds up behind a constriction
- use sound pressure (uses red light like in audiology)
- uses spectral analysis
16
Q
Measuring Speech Production: Sources of Movements:
A
- Air pressure
- subglottal pressure vibrates the vocal folds
- intraoral pressure causes tongue tip movements of a trill
- measure how much air pressure or how much change in movement of a muscle
17
Q
MRI
A
- imaging technique
- give nice pics of tongue and resonance spaces
18
Q
Ultrasound
A
- not very successful
- now ultrasound scanner is held to side of face
19
Q
Endoscopy
A
spray nasal passage
- rigid doesn’t move
- flexible moves to get more ant/post view
20
Q
True or False, 2 sources of movement are EMG and air pressure
A
True
21
Q
True or False, 2 ways we can measure source of movement is EMG and ultrasound
A
False
22
Q
Photodetection Transillumination
A
- Aperture Tracking
- where artics are placed
- at what level of vf’s change in aperture where air comes through
- cue PCA to cease vibrating
- make measures of amnt of space
- can freeze frame
- wear 2 transducers around neck
- vfs closed no light shining through
- /p/ open vfs light shines through
