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Advanced Anatomy GRAD SCHOOL > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Subsystems involved in speech production and perception include:

A
  • respiratory system
  • phonatory system
  • articulatory system
  • auditory system
  • nervous system
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2
Q

Ability to speak depends on:

A
  • steady outflow of air that is vibrated by vfs to produce a basic sound.
  • would not be possible w.o respiratory system
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3
Q

Pulmonary system includes:

A

-lungs and airways

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4
Q

Chest-wall system is made up of:

A
  • rib cage
  • abdomen
  • diaphragm
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5
Q

Pulmonary can be divided into:

A

-upper and lower respiratory systems

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6
Q

URS includes:

A

-oral and nasal cavities and pharynx

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7
Q

LRS includes:

A

-larynx, bronchial system, and lungs.

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8
Q

Structures of LRS made up of:

A
  • trachea (lies directly behind larynx) has cilia filtering system to clean air going into lungs
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • lungs
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9
Q

Bronchial Tree

A
  • branching system of hollow tubes that conduct air to and from lungs
  • combo of cartilage and smooth muscle allows flexibility and support for trach.
  • prevents trach from collapsing when - or + pressures exchange.
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10
Q

Trachea divides into:

A
  • mainstream bronchi:
  • secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles.
  • respiratory bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, leading into alveolar sacs. (think about blowing into balloon)
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11
Q

Alveoli are involved in:

A

-exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is basis for respiration

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12
Q

Interior structure of lungs:

A
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • blood vessels
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13
Q

Lungs are:

A
  • very porous and elastic

- well-protected and housed in thoracic cavity

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14
Q

Quiet tidal breathing vs. speech breathing

A
  • quiet tidal breathing very small

- speech breathing passive and not very laborious.

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15
Q

Inhale and exhale…%

A

inhale 40 exhale 60%

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16
Q

Most important respiratory muscle:

A
  • diaphragm
  • works like ball game explained in class
  • large dome-shaped muscles stretching from onside of rib cage back to other
  • makes up floor of thoracic cavity
  • helps regulate volume of thoracic cavity
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17
Q

External Intercostals:

A

-run btwn ribs and pull rib cage upwawrd and outward during inspiration- increasing volume of thoracic cavity

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18
Q

Internal Intercostals:

A

-run at angle opposite in direction top the external intercostals and pull down on and lower entire rib cage decreasing volume of thoracic cavity.

19
Q

Accessory Muscles of Respiration include:

A
  • many that attach to rib cage and muscles of back, neck, and abdomen.
  • use these when deeper inspirations are necessary
20
Q

Muscles of Abdomen:

A
  • are active during expiration
  • internal extercostals
  • external extercostals
  • transverse
  • rectum
  • work as unit to compress contents of abdominal cavity
  • exert upward pressure on diaphragm and decreasing volume of thoracic cavity.
21
Q

For respiration to occur this must happen:

A
  • lungs expand and contract to cause changes in volume
  • muscles need external force to produce movement
  • external force generated through structure and linkage of lungs and thorax.
22
Q

Pleural Linkage

A

-negative pressure w.in pleural space btwn visceral and parietal pleurae that permanently attaches lungs and thorax, forcing them to operate as unit.

23
Q

Other functions of the pleurae:

A
  • provides smooth, friction-free surface for lungs and thorax to move against each other
  • each lung is encased in own airtight visceral pleura for protection.
  • emphasima, asthma, allergies, COPD, cystic fibrosis.
24
Q

Inhalation

A
  • air pressure in lungs is - air from atmosphere force to enter respiratory system
  • to decrease alveolar pressure, increase vol. of thoracic cavity and lungs
  • contraction of diaphragm increases vertical dimension of thorax
  • external intercostals contract and pull rib cage up and slightly out
  • lungs expand and increase in vol
  • alveolar pressure decreases, air forced into respiratory system through mouth/nose, throughout bronchial tree, and reach alevoli in lungs
  • oxygen carried by circulatory system to every cell in body
25
Q

Exhalation

A
  • alveloar pressure must be higher than atmospheric pressure, vol of lungs must decrease
  • diaphragm relaxes and decreases vertical dimension of thorax
  • external intercostals relax, allow rib cage to return to original position
  • lungs decreases in vol.
  • alveolar pressure increases and air carrying CO2 brought to lungs by circulatory system forced out of lungs and respiratory system until alveolar pressure equalizes w. atmospheric pressure
26
Q

Rate of Breathing

A

-changes from infancy to adulthood and also depends on level of activity..

27
Q

Lung volumes:

A
  • are single, nonoverlapping values
  • lung capacities include 2 or more lung vols.
  • refer to amnt of air in lungs at given time and how much of that air is used for various purposes, including speech
28
Q

Respiratory Volumes:

A
  • measured w. wet spirometer

- breathe into tube, amnt of water is displaced and amnt of displacement is measured.

29
Q

Tidal Volume

A
  • amnt of air we breathe in and out during a cycle of respiration.
  • varies on age, gender, and level of physical exertion
  • females inhale and exhale less air during each cycle
  • children w. smaller lungs have lower TV
30
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume:

A
  • amnt of air that can be inhaled above tidal vol.

- used by speakers to obtain more air for long or loud utterance

31
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume:

A
  • amnt of air that can be exhaled below tidal vol.

- be used to sustain long phrase or tone w.o replenishing air (helpful for singers)

32
Q

Residual Volume:

A
  • amnt of air that is always in lungs and cant be exhaled voluntarily.
  • around 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters in adults
  • amnt of air that remains in lungs even after max exhale.
  • lungs can never be completely deflated.
33
Q

Dead Air

A

-about 150 cc worth of air in upper respiratory passage and bronchial tree that isnt involved in oxygen-CO2 exchange

34
Q

Vital Capacity

A
  • combo of tidal vol, inspiratory reserve vol, and expiratory reserve vol.
  • max amnt of air that a person can exhale after a max inhalation
  • represents total amnt of air available for all purposes, including speech
  • depends on age, size of person, increasing w. age
  • avg value of 5000 cc for adults
35
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A
  • amnt of air remaining in lungs and airways at resting expiratory level (at end of normal quiet exhalation)
  • 2500-3500 cc in young adults
36
Q

Total Lung Capacity:

A
  • total amnt of air that lungs are capable of holding, including tidal vol, inspiratory reserve vol, expiratory reserve vol, and residtual vol.
  • increases w. age and is influenced by gender
37
Q

Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities:

A
  • increase from infancy through puberty
  • stay stable until later adult years, when start to decrease w. advancing age
  • lung vols. and capacities are often expressed as %s of VC
38
Q

Breathing for Life:

A
  • unconscious, automatic process
  • rate and extent of breathing determined by needs of our bodies at particular moment in time (vigorous exercise vs. sitting quietly)
39
Q

Breathing for Speech:

A
  • complicated bc need for approp. gas exchange is integrated w. linguistic considerations
  • appropriate place in utterance to take a breath, approp. amnt of air for upcoming utterance, and prososdic variations
  • based on lingusitic and prosodic considerations of speech, 4 major changes occur when we switch from breathing for life to breathing for speech.
40
Q

Changes that Occur when Switching from Life Breathing to Speech Breathing: (4)

A
  • Location of air intake: L: nose S: mouth
  • Ratio of time for inhale vs. exhale: L: IN 40 EX: 60 S: IN 10 EX: 90
  • Volume of air: L: 500 cc 10% VC S: Variable depending on length & loudness, 20-25% VC
  • Muscle activity for exhalation: L: Passive: muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax S: Active: throacic and abdominal muscles contract to cntrol recoil of rib cage and diaphragm.
41
Q

Rothenberg Face mask aka:

A

-pneumotach Air Flow and Air pressure

42
Q

Air Flow Problem (disorders) too much air:

A
  • cleft palate
  • hearing impaired
  • vocal nodules/ polyps
43
Q

Need to keep muscles_______for exhalation:

A
  • contracted. Parkinsons would have trouble.

- different speech tasks require different vols. add more muscles when you get louder.

Advanced Anatomy GRAD SCHOOL (4 decks)

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