Chapter 4 Flashcards
Subsystems involved in speech production and perception include:
- respiratory system
- phonatory system
- articulatory system
- auditory system
- nervous system
Ability to speak depends on:
- steady outflow of air that is vibrated by vfs to produce a basic sound.
- would not be possible w.o respiratory system
Pulmonary system includes:
-lungs and airways
Chest-wall system is made up of:
- rib cage
- abdomen
- diaphragm
Pulmonary can be divided into:
-upper and lower respiratory systems
URS includes:
-oral and nasal cavities and pharynx
LRS includes:
-larynx, bronchial system, and lungs.
Structures of LRS made up of:
- trachea (lies directly behind larynx) has cilia filtering system to clean air going into lungs
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- lungs
Bronchial Tree
- branching system of hollow tubes that conduct air to and from lungs
- combo of cartilage and smooth muscle allows flexibility and support for trach.
- prevents trach from collapsing when - or + pressures exchange.
Trachea divides into:
- mainstream bronchi:
- secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles.
- respiratory bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, leading into alveolar sacs. (think about blowing into balloon)
Alveoli are involved in:
-exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is basis for respiration
Interior structure of lungs:
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- blood vessels
Lungs are:
- very porous and elastic
- well-protected and housed in thoracic cavity
Quiet tidal breathing vs. speech breathing
- quiet tidal breathing very small
- speech breathing passive and not very laborious.
Inhale and exhale…%
inhale 40 exhale 60%
Most important respiratory muscle:
- diaphragm
- works like ball game explained in class
- large dome-shaped muscles stretching from onside of rib cage back to other
- makes up floor of thoracic cavity
- helps regulate volume of thoracic cavity
External Intercostals:
-run btwn ribs and pull rib cage upwawrd and outward during inspiration- increasing volume of thoracic cavity
Internal Intercostals:
-run at angle opposite in direction top the external intercostals and pull down on and lower entire rib cage decreasing volume of thoracic cavity.
Accessory Muscles of Respiration include:
- many that attach to rib cage and muscles of back, neck, and abdomen.
- use these when deeper inspirations are necessary
Muscles of Abdomen:
- are active during expiration
- internal extercostals
- external extercostals
- transverse
- rectum
- work as unit to compress contents of abdominal cavity
- exert upward pressure on diaphragm and decreasing volume of thoracic cavity.
For respiration to occur this must happen:
- lungs expand and contract to cause changes in volume
- muscles need external force to produce movement
- external force generated through structure and linkage of lungs and thorax.
Pleural Linkage
-negative pressure w.in pleural space btwn visceral and parietal pleurae that permanently attaches lungs and thorax, forcing them to operate as unit.
Other functions of the pleurae:
- provides smooth, friction-free surface for lungs and thorax to move against each other
- each lung is encased in own airtight visceral pleura for protection.
- emphasima, asthma, allergies, COPD, cystic fibrosis.
Inhalation
- air pressure in lungs is - air from atmosphere force to enter respiratory system
- to decrease alveolar pressure, increase vol. of thoracic cavity and lungs
- contraction of diaphragm increases vertical dimension of thorax
- external intercostals contract and pull rib cage up and slightly out
- lungs expand and increase in vol
- alveolar pressure decreases, air forced into respiratory system through mouth/nose, throughout bronchial tree, and reach alevoli in lungs
- oxygen carried by circulatory system to every cell in body
Exhalation
- alveloar pressure must be higher than atmospheric pressure, vol of lungs must decrease
- diaphragm relaxes and decreases vertical dimension of thorax
- external intercostals relax, allow rib cage to return to original position
- lungs decreases in vol.
- alveolar pressure increases and air carrying CO2 brought to lungs by circulatory system forced out of lungs and respiratory system until alveolar pressure equalizes w. atmospheric pressure
Rate of Breathing
-changes from infancy to adulthood and also depends on level of activity..
Lung volumes:
- are single, nonoverlapping values
- lung capacities include 2 or more lung vols.
- refer to amnt of air in lungs at given time and how much of that air is used for various purposes, including speech
Respiratory Volumes:
- measured w. wet spirometer
- breathe into tube, amnt of water is displaced and amnt of displacement is measured.
Tidal Volume
- amnt of air we breathe in and out during a cycle of respiration.
- varies on age, gender, and level of physical exertion
- females inhale and exhale less air during each cycle
- children w. smaller lungs have lower TV
Inspiratory Reserve Volume:
- amnt of air that can be inhaled above tidal vol.
- used by speakers to obtain more air for long or loud utterance
Expiratory Reserve Volume:
- amnt of air that can be exhaled below tidal vol.
- be used to sustain long phrase or tone w.o replenishing air (helpful for singers)
Residual Volume:
- amnt of air that is always in lungs and cant be exhaled voluntarily.
- around 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters in adults
- amnt of air that remains in lungs even after max exhale.
- lungs can never be completely deflated.
Dead Air
-about 150 cc worth of air in upper respiratory passage and bronchial tree that isnt involved in oxygen-CO2 exchange
Vital Capacity
- combo of tidal vol, inspiratory reserve vol, and expiratory reserve vol.
- max amnt of air that a person can exhale after a max inhalation
- represents total amnt of air available for all purposes, including speech
- depends on age, size of person, increasing w. age
- avg value of 5000 cc for adults
Functional Residual Capacity
- amnt of air remaining in lungs and airways at resting expiratory level (at end of normal quiet exhalation)
- 2500-3500 cc in young adults
Total Lung Capacity:
- total amnt of air that lungs are capable of holding, including tidal vol, inspiratory reserve vol, expiratory reserve vol, and residtual vol.
- increases w. age and is influenced by gender
Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities:
- increase from infancy through puberty
- stay stable until later adult years, when start to decrease w. advancing age
- lung vols. and capacities are often expressed as %s of VC
Breathing for Life:
- unconscious, automatic process
- rate and extent of breathing determined by needs of our bodies at particular moment in time (vigorous exercise vs. sitting quietly)
Breathing for Speech:
- complicated bc need for approp. gas exchange is integrated w. linguistic considerations
- appropriate place in utterance to take a breath, approp. amnt of air for upcoming utterance, and prososdic variations
- based on lingusitic and prosodic considerations of speech, 4 major changes occur when we switch from breathing for life to breathing for speech.
Changes that Occur when Switching from Life Breathing to Speech Breathing: (4)
- Location of air intake: L: nose S: mouth
- Ratio of time for inhale vs. exhale: L: IN 40 EX: 60 S: IN 10 EX: 90
- Volume of air: L: 500 cc 10% VC S: Variable depending on length & loudness, 20-25% VC
- Muscle activity for exhalation: L: Passive: muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax S: Active: throacic and abdominal muscles contract to cntrol recoil of rib cage and diaphragm.
Rothenberg Face mask aka:
-pneumotach Air Flow and Air pressure
Air Flow Problem (disorders) too much air:
- cleft palate
- hearing impaired
- vocal nodules/ polyps
Need to keep muscles_______for exhalation:
- contracted. Parkinsons would have trouble.
- different speech tasks require different vols. add more muscles when you get louder.
