Chapter 14

Question 1

EMG

Answer 1

• measure difference in electrical energy at 2 points w.in muscle as moves across muscle fibers.
• provides measures of muscle activity and duration of contractions and timing of different muscles contribute to movements of structures for speech.
• injected directly into muscle

Question 2

Respiratory Analysis

Answer 2

• can determine possible causes of speech disorders (ie laryngeal function ones)
• When studying respiration and air pressure, flow, and volume during speech cant use instruments that interfere with artic and phonation.
• Measure air pressure w. sensing tubes attached to external pressure transducers that convert air pressure measurements to electrical signals.
• Measuring intraoral pressure is easier.
• Measure w. sensing tubes through nose so hang over velum

Question 3

Air Volume is result of:

Answer 3

flow multiplied by time

Question 4

laryngoscope

Answer 4

• Earliest device allowing view of vfs during vibration

- mirror inserted in mouth w. sunlight shining on it reflecting down on vocal folds

Question 5

stroboscope

Answer 5

• observe movements of vfs w. light flashing at fixed freq. close to freq. of vf vibration and causes movements to appear slow.
• Laryngoscope and stroboscope seriously obstruct articulators and cant be used for studying glottal behavior during speech.

Question 6

Endoscope

Answer 6

• conveys image of glottis through glass fibers.
• Size and flexibility allow direct viewing of vf during speech.
• Inserted through nasal cavity over top of velum and down into pharynx and objective lens is suspended above glottis.
• Viewed directly or recorded on film.
• info about shape and area of glottis during speech.

Question 7

Transillumination

Answer 7

• indirect measure of vf adjustment.
• Amnt of light shining through glottis.
• Source of light is fiberoptic bundle inserted through nose.
• provides info of timing of changes in glottal area.

Question 8

Electroglottograph

Answer 8

• info about glottal states
• Measures degree of vf contact as a function of relative impedance btwn 2 small electrodes on either side of larynx.
• When glottis is closed, small electric current conducted across fold from one electrode to other, EGG signal peaks.
• As vf separate, signal decreases bc impedance created by open glottis.
• Doesn’t give info on width or shape of vf opening.
• determine fundamental freq. of vf vibration (time elapsed btwn 2 consecutive peaks

Question 9

Articulatory Analysis is difficult because:

Answer 9

• movements of tongue are very fast and complex.
• Observation of tongue, velum, and walls of pharynx and oral cavity are sophisticated, expensive, and sometimes hazardous to use.

Question 10

Ultrasound

Answer 10

• for articulatory analysis
• wave emitted from transducer in contact w. skin below mandible.
• not successful

Question 11

Palatography

Answer 11

• Tongue-palate contact during running speech
• Fit speaker w. palatal prosthesis where transducers are embedded.
• Transducer generates signal when tongue touches it.
• Can be recorded and displayed on computer screen for instant feedback during therapy.
• No transducers placed at most anterior portion of alveolar ridge on teeth or velum.
• Fitted individually or from a selected set.

Question 12

EMMA

Answer 12

• Movements of jaw and changes in tongue shape
• Coils placed at top and back of head and on jaw.
• Sensor coils placed along midline surface of tongue and other articualtors.
• Measure distance btwn them and a measure of articulator movement.

Question 13

Fiberoptic Endoscope

Answer 13

• Movements of velum

- Inserted nasally w. objective lens lying on floor of nasal cavity to view velum as it rises and falls during speech

Question 14

MRI

Answer 14

• 3D image of entire vocal tract
• Only at rather slow rates.
• Valuable bc provide info in almost any plane of observation.