lecture 2 Flashcards

Question

Behavioral Paradigm: Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

* Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) * Unconditioned response (UCR) * Conditioned stimulus (CS) * Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 2

fewer and fewer CRs are elicited and the CR gradually disappears

Answer 3

* Many stimuli are able to arouse emotional responses * Phobias are probably an example of a conditioned emotional response

Answer 4

an unreasonable fear of specific objects or situations, learned through classical conditioning

Answer 5

1. Classical conditioning establishes the aversive response to the neutral stimulus 2. Thereafter, the organism avoids the CS in order to prevent feeling afraid. This removal/avoidance of the CS diminishes the fear response (which is rewarding the avoidant behaviour)

Answer 6

* Behaviour that is followed by + consequences will be repeated. * Behaviour that is followed by – consequences will be discouraged.

Answer 7

* Positive reinforcement: Strengthening of a tendency to respond by virtue of the presentation of a pleasant event - Positive reinforcer * Negative reinforcement: Strengthens a response by the removal of aversive events

Answer 8

* Uses extinction - Not giving the desired reaction to the problem behaviour * Combined with reinforcement -Giving some sort of reward, such as parental attention, when the individual is engaging in a desired behaviour

Answer 9

* Focuses on abnormal behavior as the product of dysfunctional or faulty beliefs * Many psychological disorders involve cognitive disturbances (hallucinations, disordered thinking, irrational thought patterns & beliefs) * Cognitive disturbances may be the cause of some disorders (maladaptive attributions, learned helplessness)

Answer 10

Disorders are often associated with specific patterns of faulty or disordered thinking * Magnification * Overgeneralization * Selective abstraction

Answer 11

Pessimistic view of the self, the world, and the future

Answer 12

evaluating the stimulus and/or interpreting the situation * Attributions: * events happen * we attempt to explain “why” the event happened (search for a cause) * we come up with a “causal ascription” (an explanation of why the event occurred)

Answer 13

When a person faces uncontrollable stress in their lives, they are at risk of becoming depressed. The individual makes an attribution that they have no control, and this leads to feeling depressed

Answer 14

Assessed 350 youth (ages 11-17) in four waves over five months * Measured: cognitive style, anxious and depressive symptoms, mood state, general internalizing (emotional) and externalizing (conduct, hyperactivity-inattention) emotional and behavioural problems, and life events * Results using hierarchical linear modeling show that a negative inferential style interacted with negative events to predict prospective symptoms depression

Answer 15

maladaptive behaviour is due to the individual’s response to events. Responses are based on irrational beliefs about the world

Answer 16

it distorts reality, it is illogical, it prevents you from reaching your goals, it leads to unhealthy emotions, it leads to self-defeating behaviours

Answer 17

- ID (pleasure) -Ego (reality) -Superego (perfection)

Answer 18

When one’s life is in jeopardy, one feels objective (realistic) anxiety—the ego’s reaction, according to Freud, to danger in the external world.

Answer 19

a feeling of fear that is not connected to reality or to any real threat.

Answer 20

arises when the impulses of the superego punish an individual for not meeting expectations and thereby satisfying the principle that drives the superego— namely, the perfection principle

Answer 21

An insight therapy that attempts to remove the earlier repression and help the client face the childhood conflict, gain insight into it, and resolve it in the light of adult reality. - free association - dream analysis. Key components: - transference - countertransference - interpretation

Answer 22

* Focus on current interpersonal difficulties and discuss with client ways of relating to others. * No free association, dream analysis, indefinite treatment, dissection of early childhood, or dependence on therapist/treatment. * Shown to be an efficacious treatment relative to other treatments * But less so for clients in treatment for depression and who experienced childhood abuse or maltreatment

Answer 23

* Long-term psychoanalytic therapy has a moderate-to-high success rate * Short-term psychodynamic therapy is better than waitlist, TAU, and other comparable treatments

Answer 24

Emphasis is on the conscious awareness of needs, choice, and personal responsibility * Human nature is positive and life-affirming * Human need for growth and realizing one’s full potential Approach is a counter/response to psychoanalytic and behavioural traditions, both of which hold that people have little free will in determining their actions

Answer 25

Focused on ways to foster and attain self-actualization * Self-actualization: Working toward reaching our highest potential in all areas of functioning. Not being distracted by other, more basic, motives * Fully functioning person: Person who is working toward self-actualization * All individuals have an innate need for positive regard -Anxiety results when people get off track in pursuit of self-actualization

Answer 26

* Phenomenological Approach: Importance of understanding and entering into the patient’s subjective world * Positive Growth: The promise of human potential and its uniqueness * Free Will: The importance of authenticity and its relation to freedom and responsibility

Answer 27

Diathesis: some predisposition that increases the risk/susceptibility for developing a disorder * Diatheses can be either biological (genetic coding for the functioning of a particular neurotransmitter system; teratogens during gestation) or psychological (childhood abuse; cultural pressures; cognitive style) * Stress: the predisposition will not necessarily lead to the development of a disorder without some stress to act as a trigger * Stressors can be biological (a physical illness), psychological (relationship stress, or mourning the loss of a loved one), or social (cultural pressure to meet certain standards)

Answer 28

1. The environment: stress as a stimulus (stressors) 2. Reaction to stress: stress as a response (distress) 3. Stress as a process that includes stressors and strains, but includes relationship between person and the environment (coping)

Answer 29

“The circumstance in which transactions lead a person to perceive a discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of a situation and the resources of his or her biological, psychological, or social systems.

Answer 30

1) Encounter a potentially stressful event or situation 2) Cognitive appraisals: * Primary appraisal – is this event positive, neutral or negative; and if negative, how bad? * Secondary appraisal – do I have the resources or skills to handle the event or demand of the situation?