Lecture 2 Flashcards
What period did zygentoma appear?
Late silurian or early devonian
What feature do zygentoma have on their tails?
3 long caudal filaments
What feature fo Firebrats have?
Tolerance to heat
When did orthoptera evolve?
Late carboniferous
What type of metamorphosis do orthoptera go through?
Incomplete metamorphosis
What is density dependent phase polyphenism?
When the population reaches a certain amount, the phenotype of the grasshoppper changes
In the family acrididae what are the swarming phase called?
Locusts
What is acridophobia?
Phobia of locusts/grasshoppers
When did phasmids appear?
carboniferous
What kind of metamorphosis do phasmatodea go through?
Incomplete metamorphosis
Why did leaf insects occur after stick insects?
The angiosperm radiation led to new plants, and them phasmids evolved mimicry
What is an example of a family within the phasmids that can mimic leaves?
Phylliidae
When did blattodea appear?
Permian
What kind of system do termites have and who is involved in it?
They are eusocial, they have a caste system with a king and 1 or more queens, and numerous sterile workers and soldiers
Why do sexually mature termites have wings?
To disperse and establish new colonies
Are cockroaches colonial?
No but they have a tendency to aggregate
what similarities do cockroaches and termites have?
social behaviours, trail following, kin recognition and methods of communication
when did odonata appear?
early triassic
All odonata have aquatic larvae called _______?
nymphs
What diet do odonata have?
Carnivorous and insectivorous
What is a suborder of dragonflies?
Epiprocta
What is a suborder of damselflies?
Zygoptera
What order do entomologists reserve the word “bug” for?
Hemiptera
What mouthparts do hemiptera have?
piercing-sucking mouthparts
What kind of metamorphosis do hemipterans go through?
Incomplete metamophosis
How do aphids reproduce
parthenogenesis
What are examples of beetles in coleoptera?
Dung beetles, june beetles, rhinocerous beetles, hercules, asian ladybeetle
What is the modified hardened forewings in beetles called?
Elytra
How much of the abdomen does the elytra usually cover
The entire body
What are examples of beetles that vary from normal? How?
Blister beetles are soft bodied, rove beetles have a short elytra
When did coleoptera appear?
Early triassic
When did hymenoptera appear?
early triassic
What kind of clade are bees?
Monophyletic
What superfamily are bees in?
Apoidea
What clade are bees presently apart of?
Anthophila
Are bees social or solitary
some are social but most are solitary
What suborder are wasps in?
Apocrita
Are wasps monophyletic or paraphyletic?
Paraphyletic
What clade of wasps can sting?
Aculeata
How did the stinger evolve?
Modification of the ovipositor
What family are paper wasps a part of?
Vespidae
When did wasps appear?
Jurassic
Ants are eusocial insects of the family ______?
formicidae
Ants appeared during what period?
cretaceous
What are worker ants called?
ergates
soldier ants are called?
dinergates
what are fertile make ants called?
drones
what are fertile females called
queens/gynes
What is a large colony called?
Superorganism
When did lepidoptera appear?
Early triassic
What characterizes lepidoptera?
The presence of scales that cover the bodies, wings and a proboscis
What kind of metamorphosis does lepidoptera go through?
Complete metamophosis
Why do some caterpillars have hairy outgrowths
defense mechanism for not being eaten
What is the middle segment of the thorax called?
mesothorax
What is the posterior thoracic segment called?
metathorax
What are the reduced hind wings on a fly called?
halteres
What mouthparts do flies and mosquitos have?
piercing and sucking/ lapping and sucking
What are maggots?
Larvae of the higher fly groups
When did diptera appear?
Early triassic
What are the 3R’s
Replacement, reduction, refinement
What does replacement mean?
substitute animals with non living models and material
what does reduction mean?
reduce the number of animals used
what does refinement mean?
use practices that avoid or minimize the suffering of the animals which still need to be used
