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Immunology > lecture 1a > Flashcards

lecture 1a Flashcards

1
Q

What is Immunology?

A

The study of host defense mechanisms against microorganisms (pathogens)

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2
Q

What includes the first line of defense against the invasion pathogens?

A
  • Skin
  • Microbiome
  • Mucosal membranes
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3
Q

Functional barriers of the first line of defense:

A

Small intestine
Lung
Skin

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4
Q

Mechanical Barriers
Skin: _
Gut: _
Lungs: _
Eyes/Nose/Oral Cavity: _

A

Skin: Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions & Longitudinal flow of air or fluid.
Gut: Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions & Longitudinal flow of air or fluid.
Lungs: Movement of mucus by cilia & Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions.
Eyes/Nose/Oral Cavity: Tears and nasal cilia & Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions.

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5
Q

Chemical Barriers
Skin: _
Gut: _
Lungs: _
Eyes/Nose/Oral Cavity: _

A

Skin: Fatty acids & Antimicrobial peptides.
Gut: Low pH and antimicrobial enzymes & Antimicrobial peptides.
Lungs: Pulmonary surfactant & Antimicrobial peptides.
Eyes/Nose/Oral Cavity: Antimicrobial enzymes in tears and saliva & Antimicrobial peptides.

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6
Q

Microbiological Barriers
Common Across All Sites: _

A

Normal microbiota.

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7
Q

The term microbiota refers to _

A

the complex community of microorganisms that live on or inside various parts of the human body, including the skin, mouth, gut, and respiratory system.

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8
Q

The microbiome refers to the _

A

complete set of genomes within the microorganisms (like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa) that live on and inside the human body.

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9
Q

Tight junctions prevent _

A

bugs to cross epithelial barriers

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10
Q

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): _

A

These are small proteins produced by the epithelial cells that have the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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11
Q

defensins’ functions:

_: They are effective against bacteria, fungi, and many viruses, forming _, which leads to their disruption and death.

_: by acting as _, influencing inflammation and wound healing.

A

Antimicrobial Activity
pores in the membranes of these microorganisms

Immune Regulation
signaling molecules that can recruit and activate immune cells

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12
Q

_: Identified as the main source of defensins in the intestine. These cells are located at the _.

A

Paneth cells
base of the crypts in the intestinal lining

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13
Q

Paneth cells: _

A

main source of defensins in the intestine.
located at the base of the crypts in the intestinal lining.

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14
Q

Paneth cells produce _ rich in _, particularly _, which play a critical role in _ by destroying _ and maintaining a _.

A

granules
antimicrobial peptides
α-defensins (an AMP)
gut immunity
harmful pathogens
balanced gut microbiome

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15
Q

Breaching of skin barriers may lead to infections. give 2 eg of breaching:

A

cut and wounds
insect bites

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16
Q

non-specific defense mechanisms:

A

1st line of defense
2nd line of defense

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17
Q

specific defense mechanism (immune system):

A

3rd line of defense

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18
Q

second line of defense:
Components:

A

innate or genetic immunity

Phagocytic White Blood Cells: Cells that engulf and digest pathogens.

Antimicrobial Proteins: Substances that disrupt pathogens, such as complement proteins and interferons.

Inflammatory Response: A response that increases blood flow and immune cell mobilization to infected areas to contain and destroy pathogens.

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19
Q

3rd line of defense:
Components:

A

adaptative or acquired immunity

Lymphocytes: White blood cells that are key to the immune response, including T cells and B cells.

Antibodies: Proteins produced by B cells that specifically bind to and neutralize pathogens.

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20
Q

Innate Immunity steps (Immediate: _ hours)
_
_
_

A

0-4
Infection: The presence of an infectious agent triggers the immediate immune response.
Recognition by Preformed, Non-Specific and Broadly Specific.

Effectors: This step involves the body’s existing, non-specific immune components like natural killer cells, macrophages, and pre-formed antibodies that provide a broad defense without specific recognition of the pathogen.

Removal of Infectious Agent: Quick actions like phagocytosis and complement activation help to eliminate the pathogen.

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21
Q

Early Induced Innate Response (Early: _ hours) steps:
_
_
_
_

A

4-96
Infection: The continued presence of the pathogen triggers further immune responses.

Recognition of Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs): Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells detect unique molecules on pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to an enhanced immune response.

Inflammation Recruitment and Activation of Effector Cells: The detection of PAMPs leads to the recruitment and activation of more immune cells at the site of infection, contributing to inflammation.

Removal of Infectious Agent: The activated immune cells work to remove the pathogen through mechanisms like enhanced phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial substances.

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22
Q

PAMPs=

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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23
Q

Adaptive Immune Response (Late: _)
_
_
_
_
_

A

> 96 hours
Infection: If the pathogen persists, it triggers the adaptive immune response.

Transport of Antigen to Lymphoid Organs: Antigens from the pathogen are transported to lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs where they are presented to lymphocytes.

Recognition by Naive B and T Cells: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present the antigens to naive B and T cells in the lymphoid organs.

Clonal Expansion and Differentiation to Effector Cells: Once activated, B and T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into effector cells that are specifically tailored to attack the pathogen.

Removal of Infectious Agent: The specific immune response results in the targeted removal of the pathogen. B cells produce antibodies that neutralize the pathogen, and T cells can directly kill infected cells or help coordinate other parts of the immune response.

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24
Q

list the lymphoid organs and if they’re primary organs (PO) or secondary organs (SO)

A

tonsils and adenoids (SO)
lymph nodes (SO)
spleen (SO)
appendix (SO)
lymphatic vessels (SO)
peyer’s patches (SO)
thymus (PO)
bone marrow (PO)

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25
Q

Primary organs are _

A

where lymphocytes are formed and mature.

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26
Q

Secondary organs are _

A

where mature lymphocytes become activated, interact with antigens, and initiate the adaptive immune response.

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27
Q

Why do we need so many different innate immune cells?
_

A

Pathogens differ in size, mode of infection, and location of infection

28
Q

list the different modes of infection

A

via the air
via (in)direct contact with feaces
via water or food
via blood-blood contact

29
Q

list the different locations of infection:

A

Luminal pathogens
(any) (outside)
Cytoplasmic pathogens
(viruses)
Endosomal pathogens
(parasites/ bacteria)
Extracellular pathogens
(bacteria/fungi)

30
Q

which cells are in the innate immune response:

A

dendritic cell
mast cell
macrophage
natural killer cell
complement protein
the granulocytes:
basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil

31
Q

which cells are in the adaptative immune response:

A

B cell
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
T cell:
CD4+ T cell (helper T cell)
CD8+ T cell (cytotoxic T cell)

32
Q

Macrophage:

A

Large phagocytic cells that ingest and digest pathogens and cellular debris. They also present antigens to T cells and release cytokines to recruit other immune cells.

33
Q

Natural Killer Cell:

A

these cells recognize and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without the need for prior activation.

34
Q

Complement Protein:

A

Proteins that circulate in the blood and fluids surrounding tissues. Upon activation, they enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane.

35
Q

Dendritic Cell:

A

Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it on their surface to T cells. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

36
Q

Mast Cell:

A

Found in connective tissue and mucous membranes, they play a key role in the inflammatory process by releasing histamine and other chemicals that act on blood vessels.

37
Q

Histamine is produced by _ and by _ cells and found in nearby _. Histamine increases the _, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.

A

basophils
mast
connective tissues
permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins

38
Q

Basophil:

A

Circulate in the blood and upon activation, release histamine and other mediators and play a protective role in anti-parasite immunity. They are involved in allergic reactions.

39
Q

Eosinophil:

A

Often involved in combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Also, they modulate allergic inflammatory responses.

39
Q

Neutrophil:

A

The most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant type of white blood cells (granulocytes are a type of white blood cells) in most mammals. They form an essential part of the innate immune system. Their role is to ingest and destroy invading bacteria and fungi.

40
Q

white blood cells =

A

(leukocytes)

41
Q

B Cell:

A

A type of lymphocyte that develops in bone marrow and produces antibodies, which are released into the blood and lymph, where they bind to antigens, aiding in their destruction.

42
Q

lymph is:

A

a colourless fluid containing white blood cells, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.

43
Q

T Cell:

A

A type of lymphocyte that develops in the thymus and plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be divided into various subsets, including helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

44
Q

Antibodies:

A

Also known as immunoglobulins, these are produced by B cells. They recognize foreign antigens, bind to them, and neutralize them or mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

45
Q

CD4+ T Cell:

A

Also known as helper T cells, they assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes, including maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.

46
Q

plasma cell is:

A

A type of immune cell that makes large amounts of a specific antibody. Plasma cells develop from B cells that have been activated. A plasma cell is a type of white blood cell. Also called plasmacyte.

47
Q

CD8+ T Cell:

A

Also known as cytotoxic T cells, these cells are capable of directly killing virus-infected cells as well as cancer cells. They are a critical component of the adaptive immune response.

48
Q

specialized innate immune cells for
elimination of Viruses:

A

natural killer cells

49
Q

specialized innate immune cells for
elimination of Endosomal bacteria
(i.e. _): _

A

mycobacteria, Salmonella
macrophages

50
Q

specialized innate immune cells for
elimination of Parasites
(i.e. _): _

A

Helminths, protozoa,
scabies.
Eosinophilic granulocytes

51
Q

specialized innate immune cells for
elimination of Extracellular
bacteria/fungi
(i.e. _): _

A

Streptococci, candida
Neutrophilic granulocytes

52
Q

Viruses are:

A

Small infectious agents that replicate inside the living cells of an organism

53
Q

Bacterial/Fungal Infections: These pathogens are capable of living in the environment and can infect the body _ or _.

A

externally
internally

54
Q

How do host cells (macrophages, epithelial
cells, etcetera) sense pathogens?

A

by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

55
Q

PRRs=

A

(Pattern Recognition Receptors)

56
Q

PRRs are crucial components of the _. They are receptors expressed by cells of the _ that recognize _, thus detecting _.

A

innate immune system
immune system
molecules frequently found on pathogens but not on host cells
non-self

57
Q

PRRs detect _, which are _.

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
molecular signatures associated with groups of pathogens.

58
Q

PRRs recognize “_” which are biochemical signatures unique to pathogens and not present in host cells. This allows the immune system to _ without _.
For example: _

A

archetypical non-self structures
quickly recognize and respond to potential threats.
prior knowledge of the specific pathogen.
RNA or DNA from pathogen

59
Q

cells traditionally not considered part of the immune system, such as _ and _, can also recognize pathogens through PRRs and contribute to the immune response by producing _.

A

epithelial cells
fibroblasts
antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and other mediators.

60
Q

inflammation symptoms

A

Redness.
Heat.
Swelling.
Pain.

61
Q

2nd phase inflammation: _ mediated
by _

A

adaptive immunity
T cells and B cell-derived antibodies

62
Q

Consequences of a dysfunctional immune system:
too little: _
too much:_

A

immunodeficiency (SCID), cancer (Melanoma)
Auto-immunity (Rheumatoid Arthritis), Allergy (Atopic dermatitis), auto-inflammation (inflammatory bowel disease)

63
Q

B cells mature in the _, while T cells mature in the _.

A

bone marrow
thymus

64
Q
A

Immunology (6 decks)

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