Lecture 19 Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 components of the urinary system
A
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
2
Q
What are the 4 functions of the urinary system
A
- Filtration
- Active absorption
- Passive absorption
- Secretion
3
Q
Which section of the kidney serves as entry for nerves lymph and bv and exit for the bvs and ureter
A
hilum
4
Q
The expanded ureter in the kidney is called the
A
renal pelvis
5
Q
The two distinct regions on the inside of the kidney are the
A
Cortex and the medulla
6
Q
Why does the Cortex appear darker than the medulla
A
It has 90% of the blood supply
7
Q
What are the two components of the medulla of the kidney
A
Medullary pyramids and medullary rays
8
Q
What is the main component of the Cortex of the kidney
A
Renal corpuscles
9
Q
Region between medullary rays of the kidney are called
A
cortical labyrinths
10
Q
What makes up a medullary pyramid
A
collection of straight tubules and collecting ducts
11
Q
The base of the medullary pyramid is near the
A
cortex
12
Q
The apical portion of the medullary pyramid is known as the the
A
papilla
13
Q
Papilla drains into the
A
minor calyx
14
Q
What lie at the boundary of the cortex and the medulla
A
the accurate vessels
15
Q
The papilla is lined with what kind of epithelium
A
simple columnar
16
Q
The minor calyx is lined with what kind of epithelium
A
transitional epithelium
17
Q
What constitutes a kidney lobe
A
medullary pyramid and associated cortical tissue
18
Q
Kidney lobes subdivide into what
A
lobules
19
Q
What does a lobule consist of
A
central medullary ray and surrounding cortical material (constitutes a renal secretory unit)
20
Q
What is the renal secratory unit
A
Medullary rays and cortical labyrinth
21
Q
What is a nephron
A
the fundamental structural and functional unit of the kidney
22
Q
What are the components of a nephron
A
- Renal corpuscle
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting tubule and ducts
23
Q
What are the components of the renal corpuscle and what does it produce
A
Consists of glomerulus surrounded by Bowmans capsule
Vascular pole and urinary pole
Produces ultrafiltrate
24
Q
Where does the proximal convoluted tubule originate from, what does it continue as, and what is its function
A
- Originates from the urinary pole
- Continues as the proximal straight tubule
- reabsorbs nutrients from filtrate
25
What are the components of the loop of henle
- proximal straight tubule
- thin descending limb
- thin ascending limb
- distal straight tubule
26
What is the function of the loop of henle
- establishes an osmotic gradient in the medulla
| - gradient promotes water reabsorption from tubular fluid
27
Where does the distal convoluted tubule empty into
empties into collecting ducts
28
What is the function of the collecting tubules and ducts
receive urine from nephrons and delivers them to minor calyx
29
Glomerular capillaries are supplied by what and drained by what
Supplies by afferent arteriole and drained by efferent arteriole
30
The site where afferent and efferent arterioles penetrate and exit from parietal layer of bowmans capsule is called
the vascular pole
31
Where on the bowmans capsule dose the proximal convoluted tubule begin
the urinary pole
32
What is distinctive about the urinary pole histopathologically when looking at the slides compared to the vascular pole
The urinary poole will have the visible white space leaving the bowmans capsule
33
What type of capillaries are the glomerular capillaries
fenestrated with large pores
34
Describe the function of podocytes
form filtration slits in making the glomerular filtration barrier
35
What is the differentiation of podocytes
Primary podocytes give rise to
Secondary podocytes which give rise to
pedicels
36
What actually creates the slit pores in the gloomerular filtration barrier
pedicels
37
Glomerular basement membrane is made up of which layers
- lamina rara externa
- lamina densa
- lamina rara interna
38
Glomerular capillaries (fenestrated) are enriched in what for what desired effect
enriched in aquaporin -1 for rapid movement of water
39
What are the glomerular basement membranes enriched in and for what desired effect
enriched in GAGs to retard anionic molecules and type IV collagen fibers to filter plasma
40
movement of plasma fluid across glomerular filtration barrier forms the
glomerular ultrafiltrate that accumulates in urinary space
41
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus include
- macula densa
- juxtaglomerular cells
- mesangial cells
42
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
release renin in response to low Na+ intake or decrease in blood volume
43
What is the macula densa
the terminal portion of the distal straight tubule
44
Juxtaglomerular cells are what kind of cells, where are they located, and how are they modified/
smooth muscle cells of the adjacent afferent/efferent arterioles and are modified to contain secretory granuels
45
What senses low blood pressure in the kidneys
juxtaglomerular apparatus senses low blood pressure
46
What happens when the juxtaglomerular cells sense low blood pressure
they release renin
47
What happens when renin is released by the juxtaglomerular cells
renin cleaves agiotensinogen to make angiotensin I
48
What happens when Angiotensin I is created
ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
49
What does angiotensin II do
glomerular ultrafiltrate that accumulates in urinary space adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
50
What is the effect of the release of aldosterone
causes kidney tubules to increase Na and water uptake in distal convoluted tubules
51
what is the effect when aldosterone increases Na and water uptake in the distal convolute tubules
results in increased blood volume and blood pressure
52
What is the initial and major site of reabsorption in the kidney
proximal convoluted tubule
53
What receives ultra-filtrate from urinary space of Bowmans capsule
Proximal convoluted tubules
54
What are the two mechanisms of fluid absorption of the proximal convoluted tubules
Sodium/potassium pumps
| AQP-1
55
What are the things reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule
Amino acids and sugars
Endocytoses proteins
56
What is the process of the entocytosis of proteins in the proximal convoluted tubule
large proteins bind to glycocalyx
endocytosed
digested in lysosomes
amino acids returned in circulation
57
What are the three domains of the proximal convoluted tubule
Apical domain
Lateral domain
Basal Domain
58
Brush boarder and zonula occludens are found in which domain of the proximal convoluted tubule
apical domain
59
Plicae are found in which domain of the proximal convoluted tubule
lateral domain
60
What characteristics are found in the basal domain of the proximal convoluted tubule
interdigitiation of basal processes
61
What is responsible for the establishment of an osmotic gradient in the medulla
loop of henle
62
What are the components of the loop of henle
proximal straight tubule
thin descending limb
thin ascending limb
distal straight tubule
63
What are the two nephron types
Cortical (80%)
| Juxtamedullary (20%)
64
Where is a cortical nephron's corpuscle found
outer cortex
65
How is the loop of a cortical nephron characterized
short loop
66
Where does the bend in the loop of a cortical nephron occur
outer medulla
67
Where is the juxtamedullary nephron's corpuscle found
inner cortex
68
How is the loop of the juxtamedullary nephron characterized
long thin loop of henle
69
Where does the bend in the juxtamedullary nephron occur
inner medulla
70
In what type of nephron does concentration of urine occur
juxtamedullary nephrons
71
What diffuses out of the descending loop of henle
water
72
Is there active transport in the descending loop of henle
no
73
As the loop of henle descends, what happens to the osmotic gradient
becomes more hyperosmotic filtrate
74
Is water able to permeate the ascending loop of henle
no
75
What is permeable in the ascending loop of henle
NaCl - Cl diffuses out via channels and Na and K follow to maintain balance
76
When salt leaves and water stays in the ascending limb what are the osmotic characterizations of the medulla and the filtrate
hyperosmotic medulla
| hyposmotic filtrate
77
Where does the shift to active transport of Na and Cl happen in the ascending limb
the thick ascending limb
78
What are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule
- reabsorption of Na and bicarbonate
- secretion of K+ and H+ and ammonium
- aldosterone sensitive
79
What kind of epithelium is present in the distal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal
80
How does aldosterone act on the distal convoluted tubule
causes it to resorb Na+ and secrete H+ K+ and NH4+
increase in Na+ causes retention of fluid and elevation in blood pressure
81
Are collecting ducts considered part of the nerphron
no
82
collecting tubules and cortical collecting ducts have what type of epithelium
squamous to cuboidal
83
medullary collecting ducts have what kind of epithelium
cuboidal that transitions to columnar
84
What is the process of collecting ducts to ureter
```
Collecting ducts
papillary ducts
minor calyx
Major calyx
ureter
```
85
What is the overall pathway of the Kidneys
- Enter afferent arteriole
- capsule - filtrate enters
- proximal tubule - secrete and absorb
- Descending loop - water leaves
- Ascending thin loop - passive salt out
- Ascending thick loop - active salt out
- Distal tubule - regulates salt/active transport
- collecting tubule - salt active out, water passive
86
What is the process of urine from the collecting ducts to the urinary bladder
- collecting ducts
- minor calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
- urinary bladder
87
Where does urine leave the bladder
urethra
88
Where are the regions where transitional epithelium lines
calyces, ureters, bladder, proximal urethra
89
what conducts urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
ureter
90
What is the composition layers of the ureter
transitional epithelium
smooth muscle
adventitia
91
What are the layers within the smooth muscle of the ureter
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal
92
The three openings of the urinary bladder are called
trigone (2 ureters, 1 urethra)
93
What is the muscle of bladder wall
detrusor muscle
94
What is the composition layers of the urinary bladder
transitional epithelium
| muscularis
95
What are the two components of the muscularis of the urinary bladder
detrusor muscle
| internal urethral sphincter
96
Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
