Lecture 18 Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three major functions of the respiratory system
A
- Air conduction
- Air filtration
- Gas exchange
2
Q
What is the function of the larynx
A
produces speech
3
Q
What is the function of the olfactory mucosa
A
stimulates smell
4
Q
In terms of air filtration of the respiratory system, what are the effects of air filtration
A
Warming, moistening, and removal of particulate materials
5
Q
What is the large air filled spaces in uppermost part of respiratory system
A
nasal cavity
6
Q
what lies behind nasal cavities and above soft palate and communicates with oropharynx that is posterior to oral cavity
A
nasopharynx
7
Q
What is the hollow tubular organ containing cartilaginous framework responsible for producing sound
A
larynx
8
Q
What is the flexible air tube that serves as a conduit for air, divides into paired main bronchi
A
Trachea
9
Q
What enters the root of right or left lung, undergo extensive branching to give rise to bronchioles
A
bronchi
10
Q
What is involved in both air conduction and gas exchange
A
respiratory bronchioles
11
Q
what are elongated airways that open to alveoli
A
alveolar ducts
12
Q
What are the primary sites of gas exchange
A
alveoli
13
Q
What are the three regions of the nasal cavity
A
- Nasal vestibule
- Respiratory region
- Olfactory region
14
Q
What region is the nasal vestibule
A
just inside nostrils, lined by skin
15
Q
What region is the respiratory region
A
largest part, inferior 2/3,
16
Q
What lines the respiratory region
A
respiratory mucosa
17
Q
What region is the olfactory region
A
upper 1/3 of nasal cavity
18
Q
what lines the olfactory region
A
lined by olfactory mucosa
19
Q
What are the 4 things present in the nasal vestibule
A
- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Sebaceous glands (sebum secretion to trap debris)
- Sweat glands
- Vibrissae
20
Q
What are vibrissae and what do they do
A
bristle hair, trap large particulate matter
21
Q
What histopathologically characterizes the transition from the vestibular region to the respiratory region
A
transition from keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to ciliated pseudo-stratified epithelium
22
Q
What separates the nasal cavity, anteriorly it contains hyaline cartilage and posteriorly contains ethmoid bone
A
nasal septum
23
Q
What are conchae, what do they do, and how many layers are there
A
bony shelves,
create turbulence and increase contact with mucus,
there are three layers
24
Q
What are the three layers of conchae and what epithelium do they each contain
A
- Superior - olfactory epithelium
- Median - respiratory epithelium
- Inferior - respiratory epithelium
25
How does the design of the respiratory region facilitate warming of air
countercurrent blood flow moistens and warms air due to an extensive vascular network in the lamina propria transferring heat from blood to the air
26
The lamina propria of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity is attached to what
periosteum and perichondrium
27
ciliated pseudostrafitifed columnar epithelium is found where
the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
28
What are the 5 cell types found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
1. ciliated pseudostratified columnar
2. Goblet cells (secrete mucus)
3. Brush cells (sensory function)
4. Basal cells (stem cells)
5. Small Granule Cells (neuroendocrine cells)
29
The olfactory REGION consists of what two things
1. Specialized olfactory epithelium
| 2. Bowmans glands (olfactory glands)
30
What are the cells that make up the olfactory epithelium
1. Olfactory receptor cells
2. Supporting cells
3. Basal cells
4. Brush cells
31
Olfactory receptor cells are what class of neuron
Bipolar (single dendritic process)
32
Where are bowmans glands found within the olfactor region
the lamina propria
33
What do Bowmans glands do
mucous secretions which stabilize olfanctants and clear old olfactants
34
What is the process of olfactory receptor cells getting depolarized
1. Secrete water soluble OBPs (oderant binding protein)
2. Oderants soluble in mucous bind OBPs
3. OBPs act as carriers to receptors on cilia
4. OBPs bind to G protein coupled receptors
5. G protein coupled receptors activate cAMP
6. cAMP opens Na and Ca channels = depolarization
35
Explain population coding scheme of Olfactory Receptor cells
System detects impulses not from one cell but from entire populations of cells
36
What are the three functions of the pharynx
1. Connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus
2. Passageway for air and food
3. Resonating chamber for speech
37
What are the two regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx and oropharynx
38
Diffuse lymphatic tissue and noduels are present in the walls of which region of the pharynx
nasopharynx
39
What are the functions of the larynx
1. Open airway
2. Produces sounds
3. Prevent food
40
What are the three regions of the larynx
1. Epiglottis
2. Laryngeal Cartilage
3. Laryngeal folds
41
What is the function of the epiglottis
covers entry to larynx
42
What are the three regions of the epiglottis
1. Central core
2. Dorsal
3. Ventral
43
The central core of the epiglottis of the larynx is made of what
elastic cartilage attached to hyloid bone
44
The Dorsal surface of the epiglottis of the larynx has what kind of epithelium
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
45
The ventral surface of the epiglottis of the larynx has what kind of epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified with glands
46
In terms of tissue level where is laryngeal cartilage found
lamina propria
47
What three cell types are present in larynx wall
hyaline and elastic cartilage and skeletal muscle
48
What in the larynx is made up of respiratory epithelium with numerous serous glands
false vocal cords
49
what in the larynx is composed of bundles of elastic fibers and stratified squamous epithelium
true vocal chords
50
What lies between the true and false vocal chords of the larynx
ventricles
51
What two things combined together in the larynx produce sound by creating tension
Vocalis muscle and ligaments
52
What is the function of the trachea
conduit for air
53
What are the layers of the trachea
1. mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Cartilage
4. Adventitia
54
What is the identifying characteristic of the mucosa of the trachea
respiratory epithelium (goblet, brush, basal present as well)
55
What is the identifying characteristic of the submucosa of the trachea
dense CT and dense serous glands that produce mucus
56
What is the identifying characteristic of the cartilage layer of the trachea
C-ring of hyalin cartilage
57
The mucous fluid produced by the goblet cells forms a layer that permits what
ciliary movement to propel foreign particles out of respiratory system
58
What are the levels of the bronchial tree extending from trachea
1. intrapulmonary bronchi
2. Bronchi
3. Terminal bronchiole
4. Respiratory bronchiole
59
What are the tissue layers of the bronchi
1. Mucosa
2. Muscolaris
3. Submucosa
4. Cartilage layer
5. Adventia
60
What are the differences in the tissues layers of the bronchi compared to the trachia
1. Cartilage switches from rings to plates
| 2. Smooth muscle in lamina propria
61
Are there cartilage or glands present in the bronchioles?
no
62
What two epithelium types are present in the bronchioles
large ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar
| small ciliated simple cuboidal
63
What specialized cell type are found in the terminal bronchioles
Clara cells
64
What are the physical featurs of clara cells
lack cilia and contain secretory granuels
65
what do clara cells produce
Surface active agent - lipoprotein that prevents luminaal adhesion
CC16 - protects lining
66
What bodies are present in the bronchioles
neuroepithelial bodies - unclear function
67
Is the wall musculature more developed in the bronchioles or the bronchi
bronchioles
68
The final stage of the bronchioles involved in air conduction and gas exchange are called
Respiratory bronchioles
69
Elongated airways that open to alveoli are called
Alveolar ducts
70
Primary site of gas exchange occurs at
alveoli
71
Terminal bronchioles split into
2-3 respiratory bronchioles
72
The transition from the conducting portion of the respiratory system to the respiratory portion of the respiratory systems happens where
respiratory bronchioles
73
What cells line respiratory bronchioles
ciliated cuboidal and clara cells
74
Elongated airways with alveoli serving as boundaries are called
alveolar ducts
75
Alveolar ducts are composed of what two types of cells
Type I and Type II alveolar cells
76
Which alveolar cell forms majority of lining of alveolus and alveolar sac
Type I alveolar cells
77
Type II alveolar cells have which function
manufacture surfactant
78
Alveoli are present in which three regions of the respiratory system
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
79
The interalveolar septa consists of what cells and does what
Consists of type I alveolar cells and endothelium
Forms air-blood barrier
80
What are the three layers of the air blood barrier
1. alveolar epithelium (surfactant)
2. Fused basal lamina of alveoli and endothelial cells
3. endothelial cells
81
True or false that the site of gas exchange is the richest capillary network of the body
true
82
Where are type II alveolar cells found
septal junctions
83
The apical cytoplasm of type II alveolar cells houses
lamellar bodies
84
What are lamellar bodies a mixture of and what does that mixture do when exocytosed
1. phospholipids
2. glycosaminoglycans
3. proteins
forms surfactant
85
what is the function of surfactant
decreases alveolar surface tension decreasing effort needed to inflate lung
86
Respiratory distress syndrome is when
premature birth and alveoli arent ready and are collapsed when baby is born
87
Immature lung has what characteristic
thick blood gas barrier and low surfactant levels
88
Pulmonary artery supplies what to the lung
deoxygenated blood to alveoli
89
Bronchial artery supplies what to the lung
oxygenated blood
90
What is the relationship of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels in the lung
they run parallel to the blood vessels
91
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what
- defective Cl- channel causes more Na and water to enter cell,
- results in dehydration of mucus = thickens
- thick mucus blocks bronchioles
- increases infection
92
Centriacinar emphysema affects what portion of the lungs
respiratory bronchioles
93
Panacina emphysema affects what portion of the lungs
alveoli
94
Smoking causes which kind of emphysema and what
panacinar due to defect in antitrypsin gene,
