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Histology unit 4 > Lecture 17 Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system consists of what types of lymphatic tissue

A

primary lymphatic tissue- thymus and bone marrow

secondary lymphoid tissue - lymph nodes in any form

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2
Q

What is abundant in lymphoid tissue that creates a meshwork that acts as attachment points for immune cells

A

reticular fibers

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immune system

A

responds rapidly and nonspecifically

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

responds more slowly but with specificity against a particular pathogen

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5
Q

What are the branches of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral (antibody mediated branch)

Cell mediate branch

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6
Q

B cells which secrete antibodies are associated with which branch of the adaptive immune system

A

Humoral branch

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7
Q

T cells which directly lyse cancerous cells and cells infected with a particular pathogen are associated with which branch of the adaptive immune system

A

the cell mediated branch

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8
Q

Upon recognition of a specific pathogen what happens with the humoral branch of the immune system

A
  • naive B cell becomes activated
  • helper T presents same antigen to B cell
  • Activated B cells create two pools of cells (Plasma B and memory B)
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9
Q

What do plasma B cells do

A

pump out antibodies

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10
Q

what do memory B cells do

A

provide long term protection but will not produce antibodies unless activated in a secondary response

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11
Q

What is the principle antibody in primary response

A

IgM

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12
Q

what is the principle antibody in secondary response

A

IgG

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13
Q

What is the antibody present in body secretions

A

IgA

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14
Q

What is the antibody present at increased levels in parasitic infections, allergies, and hypersensitivities

A

IgE

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15
Q

Which antibody is present in the humoral immune system but its function is not fully known

A

IgD

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16
Q

What is the process of cell mediated immunity

A
  • T cells must be presented their antigen via antigen presentic cell
  • naive T cell becomes activated and creates two pools of cells
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17
Q

What are the two pools of cells that get created when a naive T cell becomes activated

A
  • effector pool of cytotoxic (CD8) or helper (CD4)

- memory pool that provides long term protection but do not kill infected cells unless secondary encounter

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18
Q

An antigen presenting cell (APC) presents a T cell with its

A

epitope

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19
Q

Antigen presentation occurs where

A

secondary lymphatic tissue

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20
Q

After introduction of APC what happens to the T cell

A

proliferates to form millions of identical clones and affected T cell traffics to site of infection

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21
Q

What does the organization of lymph node directly facilitate

A

interactions of antigen presenting cells (T and B) increasing the likelihood that a B/T cell will encounter its antigen as lymph percolates across the lymph node

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22
Q

After activation of a cytotoxic T cell what happens

A
  • exits lymph node
  • circulate blood until encounter specific antigen
  • binding of antigen cause release of perforin and granzyme
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23
Q

What does perforin do

A

forms pores in the host cell membrane

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24
Q

What does granzyme do

A

activates apoptotic pathway

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25
What is the overall process of the lymphatic system
- interstitial fluid exits from arteriole side of capillary bed - percolates through tissue - reenters on venus side of capillary bed - excess interstitial fluids plus debris/proteins enter lymphatic vessels - lymph circulates through lymphatic vessels passing through each lymph node on its return to the heart
26
What is the site of T/B cell development
thymus and bone marrow
27
What are the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and MALT considered
secondary lymphoid organs and act as surveillance system and site of immune cell activation
28
What are the two types of diffuse lymphatic tissue
- Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | - lymphatic noduels
29
What are the lymphatic organs
- lymph nodes - spleen - tonsils - tymus - bone marrow
30
diffuse lymphatic tissue can be described as
unencapsulated lymphoid tissue that contains immune cells, often in lamina propria region
31
Lymphoid organs are encapsulated by a
connective tissue capsule
32
What cell types are enriched in MALT
- lymphocytes - plasma cells - macrophages - reticular cells
33
Where is diffuse lymphatic tissue enriched in the body
- alimentary canal - respiratory passages - genitourinary tract
34
Localized concentrations of lymphocytes can be defined as
lymphatic noduels
35
What are the two major features of the lymphatic nodules
- germinal center | - Corona
36
What is the function of the germinal center of a lymphatic nodule
site of lymphocyte activation and clonal expansion
37
What is the function of the corona in the lymphatic nodule
site of small lymphocytes
38
histopathologically which is darker/lighter staining between the germinal center and the corona
germinal center = lighter | corona = darker
39
What lymphatic nodule is present at the entrance to oral pharynx and nasal passage
tonsils
40
What are the three types of tonsils
pharyngeal palatine Lingual
41
Pharyngeal tonsils have what type of epithelium covering them
ciliated pseudo-stratified
42
Do pharyngeal tonsils have crypts
no
43
Pharyngeal tonsils are located where
single one on top of the mouth
44
Palatine tonsils are located where
on lateral walls of the oropharynx
45
What kind of epithelium do palatine tonsils have
stratified squamous epithelial above nodules
46
Does the palatine tonsil have crypts
yes
47
Lingual lymphatic nodules are located where
base of tongue
48
Encapsulated organs interposed along lymphatic vessels are called
lymph nodes
49
Where are lymph nodes concentrated
axilla, groin, and mesenteries
50
What are the functions of lymph nodes
- filter lymph prior to entry into the blood vascular system - maintenance and production of immunocompetent cells
51
What are the two types of lymphatic vessels
afferent lymphatic vessels | efferent lymphatic vessels
52
How does the reticular network aid in filtration
spans node sinuses decreasing flow and increasing time for macrophages to clean
53
What is the path lymph goes through when passing through a lymph node
- enter via afferent lymphatic vessels - passing through subcapsular sinus - pass through trabecular sinus - pass through medullary sinus - exit through single efferent lymphatic vessel
54
Multiple entry points with only one exit point in a lymph node have what effect
force lymph to move slowly across lymph node increasing chance that a T or B cell will encounter its antigen
55
The Dense CT that surrounds the lymph node is the
capsule
56
the dense CT that forms the framework of the lymph node is the
trabeculaaee
57
Reticular cells and reticular fibers (Type III collagen) which attract T cells B cells and dendritic cells make up what in the lymph node
reticular tissue
58
Dendritic cells are derived from what and are very effective what?
Derived from bone marrow and very effective APCs
59
The outer portion of the node (not the capsule) is the what in lymph nodes?
cortex
60
What is in the Cortex of lymph nodes
site of germinal centers (B cells)
61
Deep to the cortex of lymph nodes is the
paracortex
62
what is in the paraxcortex of the lymph nodes
primary site of T cells | also contain HEVs
63
What is the inner portion of the lymph node
medulla
64
whata is in the medulla of the lymph node
irregular medullary cords separated by medullary sinuses
65
Between medullary chords and medullary sinuses of the medulla of lymph nodes which ones of them are ligher staaining and which ones are darker staining
Medullary chords = darker staining | Medullary sinuses = lighter staining
66
What cells are in medullary chords
lymphoid cells attached to reticular fibers
67
Whata are the three sinuses that make up the lymphatic channels
- subcapsular sinus - trabecular sinuses - medullary sinuses
68
What are HEVs
High endothelial venules: entrance into node for 90% of lymphocytes
69
HEVs highly express what
water channel AQ1 responsible for water reabsorption
70
Which of the lymphatic sinuses recieve lymph from afferent lymphatic vessels
subcapsular sinus
71
Trabecular sinuses get their fluid from where and give it where
Receive from subcapsular sinus and drain into medullary sinus
72
What are the two entry routes for lymphocytes to the lymph nodes
- afferent lymphatic vessels | - blood vessels
73
Which organ is the primary lymphoid organ most active shortly after birth
thymus
74
What are the functions of the thymus
- site of T lymphocyte "thymic education" | - selection of functional T calls and destruction of autoreactive T cells
75
What are the structural components of the thymus
- capsule - trabeculae (septa) - Cortex - medulla
76
The cpsule of the thymus is made of
thin CT
77
the septa of the thymus is made of
CT extension from capsule creating lobes
78
The cortex of the thymus is made up of
darker staining region consisting of epithelioreticular cells, macrophages, and small T lymphocytes
79
The medulla of the thymus is made out of
lighter inner staining region consisting of epithelioreticular cells, large T lymphocytes, thymic corpuscles
80
Why is there a blood-thymus barrier
to isolate developing T cells in thymus cortex from antigens in blood
81
What rae the three levels of blood - thymus barrier
1. Endothelium (continuous type) + basal lamina with occluding junctions 2. perivasculara CT with macrophages 3. Epithelioreticular cells + basal lamina with occluding junctions
82
What is the process of thymic eduation
1. Native T cells enter medulla from venule 2. Migrate to cortex 3. Tested for functional T cell receptor and ability to bind MHC 4. Pass = enter medulla, fail = apoptosis 5. Negative selection: tested for autoreactivity (autoreactive = apoptosis) 6. leaves medulla and returns to blood as cytotoxic T or helper T
83
What is the function of the spleen
- filter blood | - performs immune function
84
What does the spleen filter out of blood
senescent RBCs and microbes
85
What are the immune functions of the spleen
- antigen presenttaion by APCs | - production of antibodies
86
What is the spleen enclosed by
dense CT capsule with trabeculae
87
How can the spleen decreaese blood volume
transferring plasma to lymph
88
What are the two areas found within the spleen
red pulp areas and white pulp areas
89
What colors are red and white pulp regions on our slides
Red pulp = red, white pulp = purple
90
B cells and T cells form what in white pulp
B cells form germinal centers | T cell surround nodule
91
Red pulp consists of
Splenic sinuses separated by splenic cords,
92
What do macrophages do in the red pulp of the spleen
phagocytose damaged RBCs

Histology unit 4 (4 decks)

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