Lecture 19: Learning and Memory Flashcards
Define Encoding.
Processing new information into a form that can be stored
Define Storage.
Retaining/Maintaining a memory
Define Retrieval.
Getting information out of storage into conscious awareness.
Define Recall.
To bring back to min (ex. search a memory bank)
Define Recognition.
To perceive something as previously known ; “familiar”
Define Short-term Memory.
Short-lived memory for things that just happened / limited storage 7 items.
Define Long-term Memory.
Memory for things that do not currently occupy your attention; they must be retrieved.
How do short term memories become long term memories?
STM –> Consolidation –> LTM
What are 3 ways to consolidate short-term memories into long-term memories?
- GLUCOSE
- Study from different angles
- Sleep and drugs to slow you down.
Where do you obtain glucose?
- Food
- Adrenaline and Cortisol
Where is adrenaline released from?
Adrenal Medulla
Where is Cortisol released from?
Adrenal Cortex
Why does sleep and drugs that are “depressants” help with memory?
Anesic effect ; stops new memories from being formed, which would otherwise interfere with the memory consolidation of items just studied/learned.
Define Semantic.
Facts that can be stated, things that you just know ; “knowing”
Define Episodic.
Memory for events that you’ve experienced, things that you “remembered”
Define Procedural Memory.
Procedures, motor skills, habits.
Talk about the Lab Mirror Drawing Experiment / Tower of Hanoi.
Things that you had a hard time doing the first time but over time you remember.
Define Priming.
When exposure to a stimulus influences behavior (but you are not consciously aware).
What are two examples of Conditioned responses?
Operant and Classical Conditioning.
Explain the Reward “Reinforcement” in Operant Conditioning.
Increase the likelihood of behavior X
Positive: If you do this, I will give you this.
Negative: If you do this, I will remove this
Explain the Punishment in Operant Conditioning.
Decrease the likelihood of behavior Y
Positive: If you do this, I will GIVE you this (ex. nag)
Negative: If you do this, I will remove something.
Define Classical Conditioning.
Uses “natural” automatic response. When you do this, I do that.
Explain Pavlov’s Dog and the Bell.
:D
What did Donald Hebb discover?
Learning/Training is an INCREASE in connectivity between neurons as a result of simultaneous activity in those neurons–> Hebbian Mechanisms.
What does Hippocampus damage do?
Memory loss, Amnesia.
Define Retrograde Amnesia.
Loss of events prior to memory.
Define Anterograde Amnesia.
Inability to create new memories after the injury.
Describe the story of HM and what happened when he got his hippocampus and amygdala removed.
Severe anterograde amnesia, but only mild retrograde amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia for LTM, not STM
Anterograde amnesia for explicit LTM, not implicit STM.
