Lecture 15 & 16: Hormones and Sexual Behavior

Question 1

Define Organs

Answer 1

Body Parts

Question 2

What is the difference between glands and non-glands?

Answer 2

Glands secrete things and non-glands do not.

Question 3

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Answer 3

Exocrine glands secrete stuff locally (usually through ducts) whereas endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood.

Question 4

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

Answer 4

Sweat, saliva, breastmilk

Question 5

What do hormones do?

Answer 5

Influence cell activity (ex. metabolic rate)

Question 6

What are the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?

Answer 6

Hormones have global, long lasting effects and NT have local short lived effects.

Question 7

Can hormones be NT? If so, give some examples.

Answer 7

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

Question 8

Function of Hypothalamus

Answer 8

Send signals to pituitary gland

Question 9

Function of Pituitary Gland

Answer 9

Master endocrine gland

Question 10

What are 2 major types of hormones?

Answer 10

Steroid and Non-Steroid

Question 11

How do steroid hormones work?

Answer 11

1. Diffuse across membrane
2. Attach to R in cytoplasm
3. R-hormone complex enters nucleus
4. Triggers gene expression (very long lasting)

Question 12

How do Non-steroid hormones work?

Answer 12

1. Attach to R on membrane
2. Activate 2nd messenger system inside cell
3. Alters metabolism (minutes/hours)

Question 13

What are the two types of steroid hormones?

Answer 13

Cortisol (adrenal cortex) and Sex (gonads and other body parts)

Question 14

What are the 2 main types of sex hormones?

Answer 14

1. Androgens –> TTT
2. Estrogens —> Estradiol

Question 15

Define Gonads

Answer 15

Endocrine glands that are a part of reproductive organs

Question 16

How do gonads work?

Answer 16

1. Secrete Sex Hormones
2. produce / release gametes

Question 17

What are male gonads called and how do they work?

Answer 17

A. Testes
B. 1. Secrete TTT
2. Produce Sperm (male gamete)

Question 18

What are female gonads and how do they work?

Answer 18

A. Ovaries
B. 1. Estradiol
2. Produce ovum (egg) (female gamete)

Question 19

Define genitalia.

Answer 19

non-endocrine parts of the reproductive organs

Question 20

Define Genetic Gender.

Answer 20

Dictates gonads

Question 21

What Chromosome contains the gene to form the Testes?

Answer 21

Y

Question 22

What is the genotype if you are male? Female?

Answer 22

Male: XY
Female: XX

Question 23

Define Gender Phenotype.

Answer 23

How an organ/organism appears.

Question 24

What are the 2 gender phenotype anomalies?

Answer 24

Female Masculinization and Testicular Feminization

Question 25

What is Female Masculinization?

Answer 25

It is when a fetus is genetically female but exposed to TTT in utero by either the adrenal cortex (excess TTT) or anti-miscarriage drug (mimics TTT). Genitalia are intermediate but have female gonads. Usually made into phenotypic females.

Question 26

What is Testicular Feminization?

Answer 26

Genetically male, but insensitive to TTT in utero because lacking/dysfunctional TTT receptors so TTT cannot activate genes inside cells. Genitalia and appearance are female but have male gonads.

Question 27

Does homosexuality arise from nature or nurture?

Answer 27

Yes!

Question 28

What does the Sexually Dimorphic Nuclei in the hypothalamus indicate?

Answer 28

Levay study in 1993:
16 hetero male: 0.12 mm^2
6 hetero female: 0.056 mm^2
19 homo male: 0.051 mm^2

Question 29

What are some of the confounds of the Levay study?

Answer 29

That the smaller nuclei could have been caused by AIDS or HIV.

Question 30

When does puberty being in humans?

Answer 30

12-14 y/o.

Question 31

What happens during puberty?

Answer 31

TTT and estradiol start being produced AGAIN by testes and ovaries. Controlled by the hypothalamus which releases luteinizing hormone.

Question 32

What happens to females during puberty?

Answer 32

Larger hips, chest, pubic and underarm hair. Menstrual cycle starts.

Question 33

What happens to males during puberty?

Answer 33

Beard, broader shoulders, myofibrillar proteins (muscles), pubic and underarm hair. Continual sperm production.

Question 34

What happens during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

Involves the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads. In the middle of the cycle estradiol increases and results in the release of an egg.

Question 35

What is the animal equivalent of ovulation?

Answer 35

Estrus

Question 36

Define Luteal phase.

Answer 36

Gets uterine lining ready for fertilized egg with vasculature. If no vasculature, then bleeding.

Question 37

Primates and humans’ sexual behavior are not governed by sex hormones. Explain.

Answer 37

Not entirely as sex is throughout cycle. HOWEVER, human females initiate sexual activity more often at ovulation. Maybe because estradiol?

Question 38

What does the Pudendal nerve do?

Answer 38

Area surrounding vagina that sends pleasure signals to the brain.

Question 39

How do sex hormones affect animals?

Answer 39

Some animals only mate when TTT is high (ex. birds in spring and summers)

Question 40

How does sex hormones affect males?

Answer 40

TTT = key for sexual activity.

Question 41

How does castration affect men?

Answer 41

Lack off TTT can lead to losing their sex drive (EUNICS). Low TTT can lead to impotence. Sexual Prime 15-25 y/o.