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Genetics > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

embryology

A

the study of development between fertilization and birth

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1
Q

development

A

slow processes of progressive change in an organism

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2
Q

is all developmental biology embryology

A

NO

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3
Q

what is the interface of the genotype and the phenotype

A

development

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4
Q

all organism arise from a

A

single cell

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5
Q

what gives rise to many different cell types, each with a different structure and corresponding function

A

the single cell

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6
Q

embryonic development results from three interrelated processes

A

cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogensis

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7
Q

genomic equivalence

A

all cells in the zygote have the same genome

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8
Q

differentiation results from

A

differential gene expression

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9
Q

how do you make differnent genes from the same cell

A

differential gene expression

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10
Q

genomic equivalence

A

indicates that cells need to regulate their genome during development

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11
Q

cleavage is a

A

type of mitosis

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12
Q

the goal of mitosis is to

A

make identical daughter cells

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13
Q

cleavage is mitosis without

A

growth

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14
Q

what is the goal of cleavage

A

to kick start cell differentiation, polarized oocytes differentially localize mRNAs and protein, and maternal determinants

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15
Q

polarized oocytes differentially localize

A

mRNAs and proteins

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16
Q

cis-regulatory elements are regions of

A

non-coding DNA

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17
Q

where are cis-regulatory elements found

A

in the vicinity of the genes they regulate

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18
Q

how do cis-regulatory elements regulate gene expression

A

by binding to transcription factors

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19
Q

cis-regulatory elements include

A

promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators

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20
Q

epigenetic

A

modifications of the genome but you are not mutating it, just changing the chemistry

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21
Q

what base pair usually get methylated

A

cytosine and adenines but most often cytosine

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22
Q

what is methylation

A

methyl groups can be added to DNA sequences to modify expression

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23
Q

CpG Islands

A

methylated regions of vertebrate genome

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24
Q

what are CpG often used as

A

a signal to methylate the region

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25
Q

where do you often see CG repeats

A

in the promoter

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26
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

a single gene can encode multiple products

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27
Q

splicing enhancers

A

promote the assembly of the spliceosome at specific intron/exon boundaries

28
Q

splicing enhancers act like

A

cis-regulatory proteins

29
Q

do ribosomes work with all genes

A

no there is ribosomal selectivity

30
Q

what are gene regulatory networks

A

a set of genes, proteins, mRNAs

31
Q

what do gene regulatory networks do

A

interact to control a specific function and controls transcription and cell signaling

32
Q

structure of a GRN

A

nodes represent genes/proteins/ mRNAs

33
Q

edges represent

A

interactions between the nodes

34
Q

GRNs control

A

animal development

35
Q

what do GRNs regulate

A

the expression of thousands of genes

36
Q

can GRNs be homologous

A

yes

37
Q

maternal effect

A

offspring’s phenotype of particular trait under control of mother’s nuclear gene products present in egg

38
Q

nuclear genes of female gamete are transcribed and genetics products accumulate in

A

egg ooplasm

39
Q

what is significant for formation of organs

A

stem cells

40
Q

stem cells are important for maintaining tissue what throughout adult life

A

homeostasis

41
Q

mis-regulation of stem cells is linked to

A

multiple cancers

42
Q

understanding the biology of stem cells is transforming

A

modern medicine

43
Q

what is a stem cell

A

it gives a rise to differnetiated cells through cell division while maintaining its steminess

44
Q

steminess means

A

self renewal

45
Q

stem cells can exist in what state

A

quiescence state

46
Q

what is quiescence state

A

a dormant non-proliferative- think of as reserves

47
Q

potency

A

the degree of different cell types a stem cell can generate

48
Q

totipotent

A

cell can make anything

49
Q

what cells are totipotent in humans

A

first 4-8

50
Q

pluripotent

A

can make a few different cell types

51
Q

multipotent

A

when the stem cells only produce the cell types in the tissue in which they reside

52
Q

what type of potency is most adult stem cells

A

multipotent

53
Q

symmetric cell division

A

results in either the production of two identical stem cells, or two cells that are committed to differentiate

54
Q

asymmetric cell division

A

results in a stem cell, and one that is ready to differentiate

55
Q

what stabilizes the stem cell pool

A

asymetric cell division

56
Q

what is asymmetric cell division called

A

single stem cell asymmetry

57
Q

population asymmetry

A

some stem cells are more prone to make cells to differnetiate, while others are prone to make more stem cells

58
Q

embryonic pluripotent stem cells

A

shortened G1 and G0 is absent

59
Q

as cells differentiates the G1 and G2 phases

A

lengthen

60
Q

at what phase are cells more sensitive to differentiate

A

G1 phase

61
Q

what cyclin is always on to maintain potency

A

cyclin e

62
Q

no oscillatory expression of

A

cyclins or CDKs

63
Q

allows for the direct transition from M to Late G1 which is

A

shortened

64
Q

what is also characterized by a non-function G1 checkpoint

A

ESCs

65
Q

what is an area of tissue that provides a specific microenvironment, in which stem cells are present in an undiffernetiated and self-renewable state

A

niche

66
Q

cells of the stem-cell niche interact with the stem cells to

A

maintain them or promote their differentiation

67
Q
A

Genetics (6 decks)

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