Lecture 18 - White Blood cells

Question 1

cellular contents of white blood cells

Answer 1

contain cell organelles, nucleus and DNA (unlike erythrocytes)

Question 2

white blood cells reach all areas of the body by?

Answer 2

moving out of blood capillaries, into the tissues, forming the interstitial fluid, which then returns to the blood via the lymphatic system

Question 3

leukocytes derive from…?

Answer 3

hemopoitic stem cells

Question 4

what happens when a b-cell recognises an antigen?

Answer 4

the cells multiply and transform into plasma cells, which make the antibodies specific to that antigen

Question 5

name all 5 leukocytes

Answer 5

Lymphocytes (B + T) (20%), Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils (70%), Monocytes (8%)

Question 6

which WBC is pictured here?

Answer 6

lymphocyte

Question 7

birth and life of monocytes?

Answer 7

develop in red bone marrow and circulate in the blood for ~5-8 days.

Question 8

agranular leukocytes are…

Answer 8

monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 9

basophils largely associated with?

Answer 9

intensify allergic reaction (histamine) very similar function to mast cells

Question 10

which cells are phagocytes?

Answer 10

neutrophils and macrophages (not a blood cell). Also B-cells

Question 11

who discovered phagocytes?

Answer 11

Metchnikoff

Question 12

How does the macrophage destroy bacteria?

Answer 12

phagocytosis - engulf and digest.

Question 13

what is the general function of lymphocytes?

Answer 13

process and store information about possible infections

Question 14

which blood cell is the precursor to osteoclasts?

Answer 14

monocytes

Question 15

what do macrophages identify?

Answer 15

crude features of pathogens, or bound antibody

Question 16

Mast cell function?

Answer 16

release histamine during inflammatory and allergic reactions

Question 17

name the granular leukocytes

Answer 17

Basophil, Eosinophil, neutrophil. All have visible granules in their cytoplasm

Question 18

3 processes antibodies carry out, enhancing phagocytosis

Answer 18

• neutralisation (blocks viral binding sites, coats bacteria) - agglunation (antigen-bearing particles) - precipitation (of soluble antigens)

Question 19

flow of lymph?

Answer 19

much slower than blood flow, series of valves prevent lymph flowing backwards

Question 20

what are MHC class 2 molecules?

Answer 20

surface molecules on macrophages and B-cells, to which internalised proteins (antigens) from the digestion of bacteria bind.

Question 21

what is the point of class 2 MHC-antigen complex

Answer 21

when the macrophages travel to the lymph nodes it allows the T-cells to read what’s inside.

Question 22

Complement attack

Answer 22

Bacteria tagged with Ig destroyed by plasma MOLECULES (these molecules make up the complement system). The cell is lysed (bursts)

Question 23

how do neutrophils identify their targets?

Answer 23

with generic receptors, made using information obtained through genetic inheritance. Only able to identify common bacteria features and can not adapt/ change if a new bacteria evolves

Question 24

lymph node before and after infection of TB (for example)

Answer 24

• before: small B-cell clone (in lymph node) making antibodies for TB - after: B-cell clone expanded and producing more antibodies

Question 25

litres of lymph in circulation

Answer 25

3L

Question 26

which WBC is pictured here?

Answer 26

basophil

Question 27

immune system repertoire =

Answer 27

all the different binding specificities of millions of different antibodies and similar membrane bound molecules

Question 28

which WBC is pictured here?

Answer 28

eosinophil

Question 29

2 types of t-lymphocytes and their function

Answer 29

1. t-helper: assist and control b-cell expansion. Can instruct other cells to take action 2. t-cytotoxic: kill cells infected with virus (aka t-killer)

Question 30

if an inbred mouse gets fried by radiation, what is the ONLY cell than can repair its immune response?

Answer 30

Lymphocytes

Question 31

lymphatic system’s role in bootleg analogy

Answer 31

surveillance system

Question 32

which WBC is pictured here?

Answer 32

neutrophil

Question 33

which WBC is pictured here?

Answer 33

monocyte

Question 34

lymphocytes identify?

Answer 34

anything non-cellular (anything that isn’t “you”) using antigen-receptor molecules on their membrane

Question 35

how do macrophages come to be?

Answer 35

monocytes move out of capillaries into the infected tissue. Monocytes then develop into macrophages.

Question 36

what do t-cells express?

Answer 36

antigen-specific t-cell receptor molecules

Question 37

how do neutrophils do their thang?

Answer 37

neutrophils enter infection site and destroy bacteria, then die

Question 38

what are b-cells genetically programmed to do?

Answer 38

encode a surface receptor for a particular antigen

Question 39

another name for white blood cells

Answer 39

leukocytes