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Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 4 > Lecture 18: Sensory and Motor Pathways > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Sensory and Motor Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What Do Sensory Receptors In PNS Monitor?

A

Specific conditions inside and outside the body

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2
Q

General Somatic Senses (6)

A 
Temperature,
Pain,
Touch,
Pressure,
Vibration,
Proprioception
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3
Q

Special Senses (5)

A 
Olfaction,
Vision,
Gustation,
Equilibrium,
Hearing
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4
Q

What Does The Afferent Division Of The Nervous System Include?

A

Nerves, nuclei, and tracts that deliver somatic and visceral sensory info to the CNS

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5
Q

Where Does Somatic Sensory Get Sent To?

A

Cerebral cortex and cerebellum

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6
Q

Where Do Visceral Sensory Get Sent To?

A

Brainstem and diencephalon

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7
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Posterior to central sulcus,

Somatic sensory

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8
Q

Where Is Special Sensory Information Processed?

A

Specialed sensory cortices in cerebral cortex and areas in brainstem

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9
Q

Stronger the ________, the higher the __________

A

Stimulus,

Frequency

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10
Q

Sensation

A

Information arriving in the brain

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11
Q

Perception

A

Conscious awareness of sensation

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12
Q

Touch Receptors Are Sensitive To _______ Pressure

A

Light

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13
Q

Taste Receptors Are Sensitive To _______ Stimuli

A

Chemical

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14
Q

Receptor Specificity

A

Respond to specific stimulus and carry it to the brain

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15
Q

What Type Of Receptors Respond To Many Stimuli?

A

Free Nerve Endings

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16
Q

Receptive Field

A

The region of the body that a single receptor cell monitors

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17
Q

The Larger The Receptive Field…..

A

The harder it is to localize a stimulus

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18
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

Always fire when stimuli are present (pain receptors)

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19
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

Only fire when a change occurs in stimuli (touch and temperature receptors)

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20
Q

Peripheral Adaptation Occurs In…

A

Phasic receptors

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21
Q

Adaptation

A

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

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22
Q

Central Adaptation

A

Occurs in the CNS at the subconscious level,
Inhibition of sensory pathways,
Getting used to certain stimulus

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23
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptor,

Free nerve endings (large receptive fields)

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24
Q

Where Are Nociceptors Common? (3)

A

Skin,
Joint capsules,
Periosteum

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25
Q

What Are Nociceptors Sensitive To?

A

Extreme temperature,
Tissue damage,
Dissolved chemicals from injured cells

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26
Q

What Are Nociceptor Sensations Carried By?

A

Type A fibers,

Type C fibers

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27
Q

Type A Fibers

A

Carry ‘fast’ pain signals (deep cut or injection pain),

Often trigger spinal reflexes (flexor reflex)

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28
Q

Type C Fibers

A

Carry ‘slow’ pain signals (burning or aching pain),

Difficult to localize

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29
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature,
Free nerve endings,
Phasic receptors (peripheral adaptation occurs in constant temps)

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30
Q

Where Are Thermoreceptors Common? (3)

A

Skin,
Skeletal muscles,
Hypothalamus

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31
Q

What Are Thermoreceptors Sensitive To?

A

Changes in temperature

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32
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical,

Free nerve endings

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33
Q

What Do Chemoreceptors Monitor?

A

pH, CO2, O2 levels

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34
Q

Where Are Chemoreceptors Common? (2)

A

Carotid arteries,

Aorta

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35
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Contain mechanically-gated ion channels that open or close in response to stretching, compression or twisting

36
Q

3 Classes Of Mechanoreceptors

A

Tactile Receptors (touch),
Baroreceptors (pressure),
Proprioceptors (join/muscle position)

37
Q

What Are Tactile Receptors Sensitive To? (3)

A

Touch,
Pressure (not BP),
Vibration

38
Q

6 Types of Tactile Receptors

A 
Free Nerve Endings,
Root Hair Plexus,
Tactile Discs (Merkel Discs),
Tactile Corpuscles,
Lamellated Corpuscles,
Ruffini Corpuscles
39
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

Tactile Receptor,
Touch and pressure in skin,
Pressure distorts skin and nerve ending, causing the action potential

40
Q

Root Hair Plexus

A

Tactile Receptor,
Movement of hair in hair follicles,
Bent/distorted hair sends an action potential after the channels are opened

41
Q

Tactile Discs (Merkel Discs)

A

Tactile Receptor,
Find touch and pressure,
Small receptive fields in epidermis (Merkel cells in stratum germinativum)

42
Q

Tactile Corpuscles

A

Tactile Receptor,
Fine touch, pressure, vibration,
Dermis of skin in fingertips and lips

43
Q

Lamellated Corpuscles

A 
Tactile Receptor,
Large receptor organs,
Deep pressure,
In dermis of skin in fingers and joint capsules,
All layers have to be distorted to feel
44
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A

Tactile Receptor,
Pressure and distortion,
Deep within dermis of the skin,
Twisting and deep pressure

45
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Type of mechanoreceptor,
Monitor pressure changes in an organ,
Free nerve endings

46
Q

Location of Baroreceptors (4)

A

Some arteries,
Lungs,
Digestive Tracts,
Urinary Tracts

47
Q

Proprioceptors

A 
Type of mechanoreceptor,
Cerebellum and postcentral gyrus,
Monitor position of joints and tension in tendons and ligaments,
Muscle spindles,
Golgi tendon organs,
Free nerve endings
48
Q

What Neurons Transmit Somatic Sensory Information To The Cerebral Cortex?

A

First, second, third order neurons

49
Q

First Order Neuron Of Sensory Pathway

A

Sensory neuron that carries information into CNS (spinal cord),
Cell body in dorsal root ganglion

50
Q

Second Order Neuron Of Sensory Pathway

A

Sensory neuron that carries information to the thalamus,

Axon crosses over before reaching thalamus (usually in medulla oblongata)

51
Q

Decussation

A

Crossing over

52
Q

Third Order Neuron Of Sensory Pathway

A

Carries information from thalamus to cortex

53
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathways To Cerebrum (2)

A

Posterior Column Pathway,

Spinothalamic Pathway

54
Q

Posterior Column Pathway

A

Ascending tracts in posterior white columns,

Carries localized fine touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

55
Q

Spinothalamic Pathways

A

Spinal cord to thalamus,

Ascending tracts in lateral and anterior white columns

56
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathway to Cerebellum

A

Spinocerebellar Pathway

57
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Ascending tracts in lateral white columns,

Only 2 neurons involved

58
Q

What Does The First Order Neuron Of Posterior Column Pathway Do?

A

Carries signal from periphery to medulla oblongata

59
Q

What Does The Second Order Neuron Of Posterior Column Pathway Do?

A

Decussates and carries signal to thalamus

60
Q

What Does The Third Order Neuron Of Posterior Column Pathway Do?

A

Carries signal to primary sensory cortex

61
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway

A

Carries poorly localized ‘crude’ touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

62
Q

What Does The First Order Neuron Of Spinothalamic Pathway Do?

A

Carries signal from periphery to spinal cord

63
Q

What Does The Second Order Neuron Of Spinothalamic Pathway Do?

A

Decussates in spinal cord and carries signal to thalamus

64
Q

What Does The Third Order Neuron Of Spinothalamic Pathway Do?

A

Carries signal to primary sensory cortex

65
Q

Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

Carries only proprioception

66
Q

What Does The First Order Neuron Of Spinocerebellar Pathway Do?

A

Caries signal from periphery into spinal cord

67
Q

What Does The Second Order Neuron Of Spinocerebellar Pathway Do?

A

Carries signal to cerebellum (may or may not decussate)

68
Q

Somatic Motor Pathways

A

Control skeletal muscles,

Involve at least 2 motor neurons

69
Q

Upper Motor Neuron

A

Cell body lives in CNS processing center,

Synapses on lower motor neuron

70
Q

Low Motor Neuron

A

Cell body lies in a nucleus in the brainstem (cranial nerves) or spinal cord (spinal nerves),
Innervates a motor unit in skeletal muscle in PNS

71
Q

3 Somatic Motor Pathways

A

Corticospinal Pathway,
Medial Pathway,
Lateral Pathway

72
Q

How Is The Activity In The Pathways Adjusted?

A

By basal nuclei and cerebellum to follow coordinated movements

73
Q

Corticospinal Pathway

A

Cortex to spinal cord

74
Q

Upper Motor Neurons Of Corticospinal Pathway

A

Come from primary motor cortex (percentral gryus),

Most decussate in medulla oblongata

75
Q

Where Do Upper Motor Neurons Of Corticospinal Pathway Synapse At?

A

Cranial nerves in motor nuclei in brainstem,

Spinal nerves in anterior gray horns of spinal cord

76
Q

Where Do Lower Motor Neurons Of Corticospinal Pathway Come From?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei or anterior gray horns of spinal cord,

Innervate motor unit in skeletal muscle

77
Q

Medial And Lateral Pathways

A

Carry motor commands issued from areas of the cerebrum, diencephalon, and brainstem

78
Q

Medial Pathway

A

Controls gross movements of trunk and proximal limbs

79
Q

What Information Do Medial Motor Pathways Carry? (4)

A

Motor information related to posture, balance, visual, and auditory reflexes

80
Q

Where Do Upper Motor Neurons Of Medial Pathways Come From?

A

Nuclei of CN 8 and other brainstem nuclei

81
Q

Where Do Lower Motor Neurons Of Medial Pathways Come From?

A

Anterior gray horns of spinal cord

82
Q

Lateral Pathway

A

Controls fine movements of distal upper extremities

83
Q

Where Do Upper Motor Neurons Of Lower Pathways Come From?

A

Nuclei in midbrain

84
Q

Where Do Lower Motor Neurons Of Lower Pathways Come From?

A

Anterior gray horn of cervical spinal cord

85
Q

Basal Nuclei And Cerebellum

A

Exert control of somatic motor pathways by facilitating or inhibiting upper motor neurons,
Do this in response to incoming sensory information (proprioception and visual info)

86
Q

Visceral Pathways

A

Visceral sensory system carries sensory information from internal organs to regions of brainstem but does not reach the cerebral cortex

Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 4 (6 decks)

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