Lecture 18: Obesity

Question 1

Dyslipidemia or hyperlipidemia

Answer 1

abnormal lipid levels

Question 2

heat-generating fat

Answer 2

Brown

Question 3

Beige fat

Answer 3

occurs in WAT, intermediate version of BAT

Question 4

Hypertrophy

Answer 4

enlargement of adipose tissue
reversible

Question 5

Hyperplasia

Answer 5

increase in the # of adipocytes
non-reversible

Question 6

hormone that promotes storage of fats into adipocytes and stimulates an antilipolytic effect (FA–>TG)

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

lipase that converts TG to FA, stimulated by Insulin

Answer 7

Lipoprotein lipase

Question 8

Epi, cortisol, glucagon and GH stimulate a ____ effect (TG–>FA)

Answer 8

lipolytic

Question 9

Two major adipokines

Answer 9

leptin and adiponectin

Question 10

metabolic regulator and feedback signal on appetite

Answer 10

leptin

Question 11

insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflam hormone

Answer 11

adiponectin

Question 12

associated w/ DM type II, released from macrophages, promotes insulin resistance and inflammation

Answer 12

resistin

Question 13

role in maintenance of metabolism and insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective effects

Answer 13

omentin

Question 14

released from visceral fat, binds insulin receptor and exerts hypoglycemic effect

Answer 14

visfatin

Question 15

decreases HR and increases BP, enhances brown adipogenesis and browning of WAT. upregulated by insulin and obesity

Answer 15

Apelin

Question 16

macrophages that increase proinflammatory cytokines

Answer 16

M1

Question 17

how does leptin suppress appetite

Answer 17

stimulates anorexigenic neural pathways while inhibiting orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) pathways

Question 18

Adiponectin signaling is stimulated by ____ and negatively related to obestiy

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

beneficial effects of adiponectin

Answer 19

• improves insulin sensitivity
• anti inflamm
• anti atherogenic (plague buildup in arteries)

Question 20

POMC and CART do what

Answer 20

suppress appetite via activation of Melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) and CRH = anorexigenic

Question 21

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) do what

Answer 21

induce appetite by stimulating MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone) and orexin = Orexigenic

Question 22

Ghrelin stimulates _____ and inhibits _____

Answer 22

stimulates NYP/AgRP and inhibits POMC/CART
opposes action of leptin and POMC

Question 23

hunger hormone

Answer 23

Ghrelin

Question 24

what does Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) do

Answer 24

promotes insulin secretion and appetite satiety

Question 25

Amylin, Cholecystokinin (CCK) and GLP1 all signal...

Answer 25

satiety

Question 26

high levels of leptin during obesity results in..

Answer 26

decreased leptin signaling in the hypothalamus, increased appetite due to leptin resistance in the arcuate nucleus in brain

Question 27

obesity and GH

Answer 27

GH is decreased in obese animals potentially due to diminished pituitary somatotroph responsiveness to GH stimuli, GHRH hyposecretion, somatostatin hypersecretion

Question 28

obesity and HPA axis

Answer 28

obesity causes hyperactivity and overstimulation of HPA axis

Question 29

Obesity and HPT axis

Answer 29

leptin modulates thyroid hormone production and can increase thyroid hormone resistance --> hypothyroidism

Question 30

T/F: adipose is a source and reservoir for sex steroids

Answer 30

T

Question 31

hyperglucagonemia from obesity is caused by...

Answer 31

insulin resistance in pancreatic alpha cells, promotes release of hepatic glucose and exacerbates diabetes

Question 32

what downregulates Ghrelin

Answer 32

high insulin and leptin

Question 33

T/F: GLP-1 peptides are reduced w/ obesity

Answer 33

T

Question 34

what does GLP-1 do

Answer 34

stimulates beta cell insulin, inhibits glucagon targets POMC cells in arcuate nucleus

Question 35

T/F: Peptide YY has similar function to GLP-1 and is decreased w/ obesity

Answer 35

T