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PHYSIOLOGY II > Lecture 16: Endocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 musketeers of glycemic control

A
  • Liver
  • Adipose tissue
  • pancreas
  • muscle

all work together to regulate blood glucose levels

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2
Q

islands of endocrine cells in a sea of exocrine tissue

A

Islets of langerhans

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3
Q

main endocrine cell types

A
  • β cells (60%)
  • α cells (25%)
  • δ (10%)
  • gamma
  • epsilon
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4
Q

Beta cells secrete what hormones

A

insulin and Amylin

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5
Q

alpha cells secrete what hormone

A

glucagon

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6
Q

increased blood glucose casuses a decrease in __________ and an increase in ___________

A

decreased glucagon
increased insulin

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7
Q

decreased blood glucose levels cause a ________ in glucagon and a ______ in insulin

A

increased glucagon
decreased insulin

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8
Q

amylin is a hormone secreted by _____ that acts on the CNS to ……

A

B cells, suppresses appetite

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9
Q

delta cells secrete what hormone and what does it do

A

Somatostatin, it inhibits digestive function, inhiits α and β cells

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10
Q

gamma cells secrete what and what does it do

A

Pancreatic polypeptide, inhibits gastric juices, appetite and food intake

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11
Q

Epsilon cells secrete what and what does it do

A

Ghrelin, appetite stimulating hormone

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12
Q

C-peptide is a marker of _____ production and ______ cell function

A

Insulin production and β cell function

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13
Q

food intake leads to an increase in….

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • increased blood amino acid concentration
  • increased GI hormones
  • increased parasympathetic stimulation
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14
Q

sympathetic stimulation (and epinephrine) block ____ cells via α-adrenergic stimulation

A

β cells

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15
Q

insulin secretion leads to…

A
  • decreased blood glucose
  • decreased blood fatty acids
  • decreased blood aas
  • increased protein synthesis
  • increased fuel storage
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16
Q

proinsulin is cleaved into ____ and _____

A

insulin and C-peptide

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17
Q

how does glucose stimulate insulin release?

A

excitation-secretion coupling in βcells

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18
Q

what are the steps of Excitation-secretion coupling in βcells

A
  • glucose depolarizes cell membrane
  • Glu enters via GLUT2
  • Glucose+PO43- –> Glucose-6-phosphate
  • G6P oxidation –> ATP
  • ATP closes K channel
  • decreased K flux depolarizes cell membrane
  • Voltage gated Ca channels open
  • Ca enters β cell
  • Ca triggers exocytossi of insulin vesicles
  • insulin is secreted into circulation
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19
Q

what are some other humor factors that stimulate insulin release (besides glucose)

A
  • other sugars (fructose, mannose, ribose)
  • amino acids (leucine, arginine)
  • hormones (glucagon, secretin)
  • drugs (sulfonylurea, theophylline)
  • short chain fatty acids
  • ketone bodies
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20
Q

carbohydrates ____ blood glucose and ____ storage

A

decrease blood glucose
increase storage

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21
Q

Lipids ____ blood fatty acids and ____ storage

A

decrease fatty acids
increase storage

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22
Q

proteins ____ blood amino acids and _____ storage

A

decrease, increase

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23
Q

GLUT____transports glucose across the BBB

A

GLUT 1

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24
Q

GLUT_____transports glucose in kidney and intestine

A

GLUT2

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25
GLUT____transports glucose into neurons
GLUT3
26
GLUT____is an insulin-dependent glucose transporter in most other cells of the body: adipose tissue and resting muscle cells
GLUT4
27
glucagon gets inhibited by...
high glucose somatostatin
28
glucagon is stimulated by...
* low glucose * epinephrine β2 * vagal stimulation * amino acids
29
where is glucagon expressed?
in the liver, intestine, brain and pancreas α cells produced as proglucagon
30
proglucagon is proteolytically processed to yield_____ and______
glucagon + incretin(GLP1)
31
GLP1 (incretin) is released from the intestine in reponse to...
high levels of glucose in the intestinal lumen
32
incretin (GLP1) increases ________ release from beta cells
insulin
33
glucagon mainly targets the ______ to stimulate ________ which increases plasma glucose levels
LIVER to stimulate hepatic glucose output
34
glucagon opposes the effects of_______and increases gluconeogenesis and _________-
insulin, glycogenolysis
35
What increases glucagon release
* **hypoglycemia** * epinephrine, CCK, vagal stimulation, fasting, exercise * dietary protein (arginine) in absence of carbohydrates (if a meal is protein+carbs, no effect on glucagon)
36
when CHO is a fuel source..... ________Increases and ___________ decreases
insulin increases glucagon decreases
37
when proteins are a fuel source... _______ increases in response to amino acids and ________ increases in response to low blood sugar
insulin, glucagon
38
where does gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis occur
liver
39
what causes the release of somatostatin
high fat, carbs and protein rich means | reduces secretion of glucagon and insulin
40
pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by what cells
γ(gamma)Cells
41
what does pancreatic polypeptide do
inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzymes, hepatic glycogen and constriction of the gall bladder
42
what stimulates the release of pancreatic polypeptide
fasting intestinal hormones (cholecytokinin, secretin, gastrin) stimulation of vagus nerve ingesting protein
43
what decreases pancreatic polypeptide
glucose and somatostatin
44
what are some diabetogenic hormones besides glucagon
* epinephrine * cortisol * growth hormone and IGF-1 * pancreatic polypeptide | all generally OPPOSE INSULIN
45
what is the role of the brain in hypothalamic control of fuel management
autonomic control of hormone release sesnes nutrients and hormones associaated w/ nutrient levels | insulin, leptin, GLP-1 to drive appetite
46
(within neural control of glucose) glucose detection occurs in the_______ Nucleus
Arcuate
47
type I diabetes is _____ dependent and occurs due to a lack of _______ secretion from the pancreas
insulin dependent insulin
48
Type I DM has autoimmune effects....
T-cells destroy beta cells
49
Type II diabetes is _____________ dependent, tissue resistance to insulin
non-insulin dependent
50
what type of DM is often the result of diet/activity
type II
51
acute symptoms of DM
- elevated blood glucose - characteristics of post-absorptive state (like having just eaten a meal but all the time)
52
Chronic effects of DM
retinopathy (cataracts in dogs) pancreatic amyloidosis (cats) neuropathy nephropathy cardiovascular disease **KETOACIDOSIS
53
occurs as a consequence of increased appetite
polyphagia
54
occurs in attempt to compensate for dehydration
polydipsia
55
hyperglycemia results form ....?
inadequate uptake of glucose into cells and an increased output of glucose from liver
56
glucosuria
elevated glucose in glomerular filtrate is greater than what the tubular cells can reabsorb in the nephron
57
what does the osmotic effect of glucosuria cause
draws additional water into filtrate = excess fluid is lost from the body resulting in dehydration
58
hepatic use of fatty acid results in...?
ketosis
59
ketone bodies in the blood disrupt blood pH, resulting in _______
metabolic acidosis
60
what results in muscle wasting in DM
insulin deficiency causes increased protein degradation which causes muscle wasting + weight loss
61
an excess of insulin results in....
hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) effects are dangerous + manifest early in the brain - loss of consciousness, depressed brain function - weakness, fatigue, ataxia
62
cats suffer nearly exclusively from type ____ diabetes?
type II
63
insulin excess results in one of 3 ways....
1. insulin overdose (give carbs) 2. reactive hypoglycemia (in an extreme response to glucose, beta cells release too much insulin) 3. islet tumor in dogs (excessive insulin release) - *most common type of hypoglycemia in dogs* - typically episodic
64
treatment for DM in felines
insulin therapy every 12 hrs diet therapy: low carbohydrate diet for life

PHYSIOLOGY II (17 decks)

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