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PHYSIOLOGY II > Lecture 11: Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

the endocrine system is part of the ________ control system

A

extrinsic

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2
Q

hormones regulate processes that require ______ rather than speed

A

duration

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3
Q

what is a hormone

A

an endocrine signaling molecule

a chemical messenger released from ductless glands or neurons into the bloodstream

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4
Q

what are the 5 main HP axes

A

Adrenal (HPA)
Thyroid (HPT)
Gonadal (HPG)
Liver (HPL)
prolactin

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5
Q

what are 2 hormones regulated outside the hypothalamus pituitary axis

A

insulin (blood sugar)
parathyroid hormone (Ca)

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6
Q

pancreatic B cells release _____ in direct response to elevated glucose

A

insulin

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7
Q

what tissue have exclusive endocrine function

A

pituitary
thyroid glands
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands

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8
Q

what 3 things can hormones be made of

A

amines
steroids
peptides

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9
Q

what hormones are made from amines

A
  • epinephrine(adrenaline) from adrenal medulla
  • thyroid hormone (T3+t4) from tyrosine
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10
Q

what hormones are made from peptides

A

CRH, ACTH, GH, oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin, glucagon, etc

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11
Q

Epinephrine is polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic/hydrophilic?

A

polar
hydrophilic

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12
Q

thyroid hormones are polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic/hydrophilic?

A

nonpolar, hydrophobic

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13
Q

peptides are polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic/hydrophilic?

A

polar
hydrophilic

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14
Q

what are the 3 qualities of peptide hormones

A

polar
hydrophilic
made from amino acids

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15
Q

what is Pro-Opiomelanocortin (POMC)

A

precursor peptide to several hormones and signaling molecules

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16
Q

PC1 is expressed solely in ______________ and produces _______

A

pituitary corticotropes and produces ACTH

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17
Q

PC1 and PC2 are expressed in _______ and produce what

A

melanotrophs
produce α-MSH, β-MSH and βendorphin, but not ACTH

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18
Q

3 qualities of steroid hormones

A

non polar
lipophilic
made from cholesterol

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19
Q

steroids are synthesized from _______ in gonads, adrenal cortex, adipose, placenta and brain

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

estrogen and testosterone are _____ hormones, synthesized in the ______

A

steroid hormones
gonads

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21
Q

cortisol and aldosterone are what type of hormones and where are they synthesized?

A

cortisol - glucocorticoid
aldosterone - mineralocorticoid
adrenal cortex

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22
Q

cholesterol is transported to the mitochondria and localized by…

A

steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STaR)

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23
Q

cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by ________, primarily activated by ACTH

A

cholesterol desmolase (CYP11A1)

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24
Q

what is cholesterol derived from

A
  • LDL from diet
  • Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters from vesicles
  • De novo synthesis from acetyl CoA
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25
Mobilization of cholesterol into the cell is mediated by what
ACTH Angiotensin 2 K+ channels in the zona glomerulosa and other zones in the adrenal cortex
26
All steroid hormones have the same initial step of biosyntheses: the conversion of _______ to ________
cholesterol to pregnenolone
27
what is the effect of steroid hormones being nonpolar?
they don't dissolve well in blood + usually require assistance in moving through the blood in the form of a carrier protein - only 1% of steroid hormones exist freely in blood, the rest are bound to a large protein like albumin
28
what does it mean for steroid hormones to be lipophilic?
they can easily cross into the plasma membrane of cells
29
what does it mean for peptide hormones to be hydrophobic?
they can be dissolved easily within the blood
30
what is the effect of peptide hormones being polar?
they cannot pass through PM of cells, must signal cells by binding to receptors on the plasma membrane.
31
where does the main signal for steroid hormone production come from
the pituitary
32
ACTH coming from the pituitary targets _______ glands to activate the production of steroid signals
adrenal glands
33
The different directions of steroid biosynthesis pathways (whether you end up w/ aldosterone, cortisol or estradiols) depend on what
the presence of certain enzymes
34
can there be a response within a target cell/tissue to a hormone if the target cell lacks a receptor
no receptor = no response
35
Most tissues are affected by multiple hormones and the physiological response to these hormones depends on what
the combination of hormone receptors in each cell and the diversity of cells in a tissue
36
example of a hormone that is also a neurotransmitter
norepinephrine released into circulation by adrenal glands but also released as an excitatory NT in brain
37
Hormone receptors are _______ that bind to the hormone and initiate ________
proteins, initiate a cellular response
38
where in cells are hormone receptors found
cell membranes cytoplasm (intracellular) cell nuclei
39
what is negative feedback
when a change in a controlled variable triggers a change in the opposite direction increase in a hormone blocks further release of that hormones by an inhibiting cascade of trophic hormones *the main mechanism by which homeostasis is regulated
40
in the neural pathway, neurons project to the _________ to release hormones
neurohypophysis
41
what are the hormones of the neural pathway? Where are they released from
oxytocin and vasopressin posterior pituitary
42
in the **anterior pathway**, releasing hormones are released into the _____ system to release trophic hormones from the **anterior pituitary system**
blood portal system
43
what pathways (neural or anterior) contains the 5 HP-Axes
anterior pathway
44
what are the 3 kinds of steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex
**Glucocorticoids **(cortisol, corticosterone (birds, rodents) - regulate blood glucose **Mineralocorticoids **(aldosterone) - regulate minerals and Na **Weak Androgens** (androstenedione, DHEA) - adro=male
45
where is Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) released from within the HPA axis
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (its axons go to the posterior pituitary)
46
what is the pathway CRH travels
1. releasd from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 2. travels via the blood portal to the anterior pituitary 3. stimulates corticotropes to release ACTH
47
what inhibits CRH
ACTH
48
what sitmulates adrenal growth
ACTH
49
what hormone has a short feedback loop
ACTH
50
What hormone has a long feedback loop
Cortisol
51
what hormone transfers cholesterol to the mitochrondria and activates cholesterol desmolase
ACTH
52
what does cortisol inhibit and how
directly **inhibits CRH and ACTH release** inhibits ACTH release through inhibiting CRH
53
the primary effect of cortisol is to increase _________ by enhancing ________ in the liver
increased blood glucose by enhancing gluconeogenesis
54
ACTH targets the ?
adrenal cortex
55
secretion of this hormone is essential for life and is esp. critical during lean times when survival is compromised
Cortisol
56
besdies increasing blood glucose, what other important things can cortisol do
* increase protein catabolism to provide amino acids * decrease protein synthesis * increase lipoysis in fat * Diabetogenic effect: decrease glucose uptake by tissues to make blood sugar rise * decrease sensitivity to insulin
57
what are the effects of cortisol on cardiovascular tissue
* maintains normal BP * upregulates alpha -1 adrenergic receptor * enhances vasoconstrictive responses
58
what are the effects of cortisol on immune function
* anti inflammaotry effects * reduced Phospholipase A, IL-2, histamine and serotinin * inhits proliferation of T cells
59
what are the effects of cortisol on bone
* inhibits synthesis of type 1 collagen, a major structural component of bone matrix * decreases oseoblasts * decreases intestinal Ca absorption
60
what are the effects of cortisol on connective tissue and muscle
* inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation * high amounts of CORT cause thin skin and impaired tissue support * increased proteolysis in muscle leading to weakness
61
typical times during which CORT is elevated
* upon waking up (declines through rest of day) * when hungry * when stressed (increases blood glucose)
62
physical presentation of Cushing's
* abnormal adipose deposits * thinning and bruising of skin * muscle atrophy of legs
63
Cushing's **Syndrome** is due to?
primary adrenal hyperplasia (overactive adrenal glands)
64
In Cushing's **Syndrome**, ACTH is _____ and CORT is _____
ACTH is LOW (b/c lack of negative feedback loop) CORT is HIGH
65
Cushing's **Disease** is due to?
**secondary excess ACTH** from the pituitary or ACTH secreting cells in the lungs same symptoms as cushing's syndrome but the disease results from overactive pituitary secretion of ACTH
66
in Cushing's **Disease**, ACTH is ___ and CORT is _____
ACTH is HIGH CORT is HIGH
67
clinical symptoms of Cushing's
* hyperglycemia * hypertension * increase protein catabolism * muscle wasting * central obesity * thin skin * bruising
68
Addison's Disease is characterized by a decreased sysnthesis of what
of all adrenocortical hormones (Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens) as a result of autoimmune destruction of tissue | dogs, cats, sometimes horses
69
a loss of cortisol (such as in Addison's) results in?
* stress induced **hypoglycemia** * muscle weakmess * weightloss * **reduced HPA feedback ---> hyperpigmentation** (lack of neg. feedback increases ACTH secretion which contains melanocyte stimulating hormone)
70
a loss of aldosterone (such as in Addison's) results in?
* hyperkalemia * hypotension * metabolic acidosis * salt cravings
71
a loss of androgens (such as in Addison's) results in
decreased libido for women
72
how to test for adrenal cortex function?
ACTH stimulation test - administer exogenous ACTH - measure CORT at baseline and then 30 min later - would exoect CORT increase 2x - subnormal responses indicate primary adrenal insufficiency = adrenals don't responst to ACTH
73
Treatment for primary adrenal insufficiency
Glucocorticoids (prednisolone) mineralocorticoid txt (flucocotisone)

PHYSIOLOGY II (17 decks)

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