Lecture 18 - Gender

Question 1

Typical Male characteristics

Answer 1

More rough and tumble play, more aggression, better at spatial abilities, better at “systemizing”, higher raters of ASD, ADHD, language related disability

Question 2

Typical Female characteristics

Answer 2

Less rough and tumble, less aggression, better at empathizing

Question 3

It would be _________ to predict the sex of the person on the basis of knowing only their score on the AQ

Answer 3

__virtually impossible__

Question 4

Social learning theories

Answer 4

Proposes sex differences are (entirely) learned from immersion in a culture/environment with different expectations and sex roles
-greater attention to same sex models = better memory of what they do = greater propensity to imitate them

Question 5

Gender socialization

Answer 5

Explicit instruction in gendered activity

• Masculine or feminine living environments, toys, or clothing
• Cultural pressure to conform

Implicit

• Adults treat babies differently
• Propensity to utter gender essentialist statements (“boys play football”) leads to children treating gender categories as essential

Question 6

Complete Angrogen Insensitivity Syndrome

Answer 6

Results in female development trajectory in individuals with XY chromosomes (lack of testosterone receptors needed for male development)

Question 7

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 7

Genetic females produce larger than typical levels of androgens
-more rough and tumble, interest in ‘boy’ activities, spatial cognition profile more closely resembles males
(These are unlikely due to socialization)

Question 8

_____ relationship between prenatal testosterone levels and male/female toy and play preferences

Answer 8

__Positive__

Question 9

By what time do children begin to acquire knowledge of the culture specific expectations about gender and differences in gender roles?

Answer 9

By the end of the 2nd year

Question 10

Identifying which gender one belongs to from…

Answer 10

…2-3 years

Children’s play becomes gender differentiated

Question 11

From about 4-6 years…

Answer 11

…self segregation by gender, including avoiding peers who violate gender-role norms

Question 12

Trans kids

Answer 12

Gender identity rigid, even if at odds with gender assigned at birth. Socialization is limited by a core gender identity (socialization has limited effect against core identity)