Lecture 13 - Personality, Parents, Peers Flashcards
Personality
Stable across time
Early temperaments are first indications, emerging at just a few weeks of age
Twin studies
Differences in similarity between sets of identical twins (100% shared DNA) and sets of fraternal twins (50%) is due to genetic factors
Adoptive studies
Same environment, different genes.
Any difference in similarity between sets of biological siblings and adoptive siblings twins is assumed to be due to genetic factors, i.e. if biological siblings are more similar, it is due to them sharing genes, since environment is shared
Separated identical twins studies
No less similar than identical twins raised in the same family!
Two dimensions of parenting
- Acceptance/Responsiveness
2. Demandingness/Control
Acceptance/Responsiveness
Degree of support and sensitivity to children’s needs
Demandingness/Control
Degree of regulation and control over children
Four categories of parenting
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Disengaged
Authoritative (parenting)
High acceptance, High demand
Reasonable demands, consistently enforced, sensitivity to child’s needs
Authoritarian (parenting)
Low acceptance, high demands
Many rules/demands, few explanations and little sensitivity to child’s needs
Permissive (parenting)
Low demand, high acceptance
Few rules/demands, children allowed much freedom by indulgent parents
Disengaged (parenting)
Low acceptance, low demand
Few rules/demands, parents uninvolved, insensitivity to child’s needs
Results of Authoritarian parenting
Average cognitive and social competencies, average academic and social skills, more conforming than children of permissive parents
Results of Authoritative parenting
High cognitive and social competencies, high self esteem, excellent social skills, high academic achievement
Results of Permissive parenting
Low cognitive and social competencies, poor self control and academic performance, increased risk of drug use
