Lecture 17 Thrush

Question 1

describe the process of immunological memory

Answer 1

once a person is exposed to a particular antigen or microbe the body can develop a way to recognize that same antigen when it is presented again and know how to fight against it.
once memory is established the immune response will be quicker, better, and faster.

Question 2

distinguish the difference between passive and active immunization

Answer 2

Passive: injecting antibodies (can be easily transferred)
can be from other species (Snake venom ex)
mother’s antibodies transferring to the baby (Milk IgA)
generally no memory response
antitoxins, immune globulin
immediate reaction

Active: protective immunity/ develop memory response
being exposed to something previously
through infection or vaccination
Ex: MMR, polio, etc

Question 3

describe why smallpox (and maybe polio) can be eradicated from the human population

Answer 3

smallpox only affects humans ( vaccinated human population..its eradicated

influenza on the other hand is almost impossoible to vaccinated, huge host range

Polio now still only in Aghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria (2014)

Question 4

describe the different forms of vaccines (attenuated, inactivated, and toxoids) and under which circumstances each would be used

Answer 4

Attenuated: live; can replicate but is weakened (best)
stays around longer
generally dont need a booster (that vaccine stimulated memory response so it was strong enough to protect indiv for the rest of there life
Stim. B+T cells activated
Problem: mutate virus

Inactivated: chemically mediated
not able to replicate
stimulated T+B cells (more of B cell response) just putting in antigens; if macro sees problem it will stim IL-12 (Th1)
need boosters
Ags may be altered
Problem: mistakes in how it was prepared; contamination of vaccine

Toxoids: modiefied toxins (Purified Macromolecule )
inactivated toxins
Ex: tetanus; bacteral capsule sugar (introduc bacteria antigen stimulated Ag response be recog by immune response Th2

Question 5

describe the mechanism of DNA vaccination

Answer 5

being studied but there can be a risk with this

Question 6

describe potential complications of vaccination

Answer 6

could come down with disease
mistake with preparation
highly political
Autism link:

Question 7

Why is attenuated the best?

Answer 7

If you can replicate; you can stimulate t cells and b cells

Question 8

Things to worry about with vaccines

Answer 8

immune status of pt
can’t give immunosuppressed an attenutated virus (fatalite)

Age of person
some don’t work in very young; mother’s antibodies in young child seem to interfere with certain vaccines

Question 9

vaccine limitations

Answer 9

multiple serotypes (Ex: rhinovirus) 
antigenic variation (can case serious disease) (ex: influenza
antigenic competition