Lecture 14 Thrush

Question 1

Describe importance of cytokines

Answer 1

important mediators of cell to cell communication
generally act locally (paracrine and autocrine)
also capable of endocrine
used to regulate immune response

Question 2

Nomenclature cytokines

Answer 2

lymphokines – cytokines produced by lymphocytes (IL-2, IL-4, etc)
monokines – cytokines produced by monocytes/macrophages (IL-1, TNFa, IL-6)
interleukins – cytokines produced by WBCs and act on WBCs [IL-1 through IL-37 (more?)]
chemokines – low molecular weight molecules important in the inflammatory response; chemotaxis (IL-8, RANTES, etc)

Question 3

Redundant function of cytokines

Answer 3

different cytokines do the same thing

Question 4

Synergistic cytokines

Answer 4

different cytokines work together for a function (Ex: IL 4 and IL 5)

Question 5

Antagonistic cytokines

Answer 5

block each other (ex: INF gamma blocks IL4)

Question 6

Which cytokines are involved in Th1 subset and what type of reaction?

Answer 6

IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF beta

for CMI reaction

Question 7

Which cytokines are involved in Th2 subset and what type of reaction?

Answer 7

IL-4, IL-5, IL-10

Humoral

Question 8

What is Th0 subset dependent upon?

Answer 8

stimulation from APC (cytokines)

Question 9

What stimulates Th1?

Answer 9

IL- 12 from macrophages

Question 10

What stimulates Th2?

Answer 10

IL-4 from Th2

Question 11

What inhibits Th1?

Answer 11

IL-10

Question 12

What inhibits Th2?

Answer 12

INF gamma

Question 13

Explain Leprosy and which subset is better for this?

Answer 13

. Given that leprosy is caused by an intracellular bacterium (Mycobacterium leprae), the Th1 response is generally the better response. Patients who mount a Th1 response show the tuberuloid form of the disease and they generally will survive the infection.

Question 14

Th2 and leprosy

Answer 14

Individuals who mount the Th2 response, however, develop lepromatous leprosy and the bacteria spread throughout the body causing disseminated disease with a potentially fatal outcome.

Question 15

What are the cytokine receptors made of?

Answer 15

most made up of 2 or more chains
cytokine specific unit
signal transducing unit

Question 16

What is the signaling chain for IL 2 family

Answer 16

gamma

Question 17

Higher affinity binding by?

Answer 17

2 or 3 chains

Question 18

What occurs after cell activation?

Answer 18

increased cytokine receptor expression

Question 19

What increases in IL 2 family after activation

Answer 19

alpha and beta

Question 20

Lack of gamma causes?

Answer 20

x linked SCID

Question 21

How do microbes evade immune system?

Answer 21

they produce cytokines that can skew immune response
For example, knowing that the best response against viruses is a CMI response, some viruses can produce Th2 type cytokines that skew the response towards Th2 cells.

microbes can produce soluable receptors that keep cytokines from binding to the real receptor

Question 22

How do cytokines produce Bacterial Septic Shock

Answer 22

through LPS (causes high levels of cytokine release)
specifically INF gamma and IL-1 which cause systemic inflammation

Question 23

How do cytokines produce toxic shock disease?

Answer 23

through superantigens which cause and overproduction of cytokines

Question 24

Lymphoid and myeloid cancer and cytokines

Answer 24

overproduction of IL 2

Question 25

Cytokines and Graft survival

Answer 25

produces antibodies that inhbit IL-2 from binding to recpetor IL-2R which stops production of th1 that is important in graft rejection

Question 26

LAK cells

Answer 26

Take out NK cells activate them outside body (IL-2)

Question 27

cancer and cytokines therapy

Answer 27

tumor cells suppress immune response and cytokines can activate immune response and destroy tumor cells

activating the immune response has also been used to help fight disease. Many cancers end up suppressing the immune response. By activating the immune system, it has been shown that for some cancers, an effective recognition and destruction of tumor cells has been seen.