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Z A&P Chapters 10-12 > Lecture #17 Chapter 11 (Spinal Cord) > Flashcards

Lecture #17 Chapter 11 (Spinal Cord) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the spinal cord?

A

-Pathway for impulses to and from the brain
-Center for spinal reflexes

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A slender column of the nervous tissue that runs continuously with the brainstem

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3
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin at?

A

Foramen magnum

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4
Q

What does the spinal cord extend downward through?

A

The vertebral canal which is the vertebral foramen of the vertebra

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5
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate at?

A

Between the L1 and L2 vertebrae space

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs/segments

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7
Q

What are the two bulges in the spinal cord?

A

The cervical enlargement and the Lumbar enlargement

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8
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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9
Q

Cauda equina?

A

A structure at the end of the spinal cord that resembles a horses tail which contains the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves

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10
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A thin cord of connective tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

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11
Q

What are the seven landmarks of the spinal cord from superior to inferior?

A

-Begins at the foramen magnum
-Cervical enlargement
-Spinal cord within the vertebral canal
-Lumbar enlargement
-Conus Medullaris
-Cauda equina
-Filum terminale

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12
Q

What runs through the middle of the spinal cord?

A

Central canal

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13
Q

What is the horizontal bar of gray matter in the middle of the spinal cord called?

A

Gray commissure

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14
Q

What is the spinal cord divided by anteriorly?

A

A deep anterior median fissure

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15
Q

What is the spinal cord divided by posteriorly?

A

A shallow posterior median sulcus

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16
Q

What are the three regions of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

-Posterior funiculus
-Lateral funiculus
-Anterior funiculus

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17
Q

What are the three areas of gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

-Posterior horn
-Lateral horn
-Anterior horn

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18
Q

What are the two roots of the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal root and the ventral root

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19
Q

Which root of the spinal cord has a ganglion?

A

The dorsal root

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20
Q

Which root do sensory neurons pass through?

A

Dorsal root

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21
Q

Which root do motor neurons pass through?

A

Ventral root

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22
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the unipolar sensory neurons located in the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal root ganglion

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23
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic, subconscious response to stimuli within or outside the body

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24
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A neural pathway that consists of a sensory receptor + 2 or more neurons + an effector

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25
What is a simple reflex arc?
Sensory + motor neurons
26
What does the most common reflex arc consist of?
Sensory neuron + interneurons + motor neurons
27
What five components make up a reflex arc?
-Receptor -Sensory neuron -Interneuron -Motor neuron -Effector
28
What is a monosynaptic (stretch) reflex?
-Monosynaptic = only 1 synapse -Consists of 2 neurons (sensory + motor)
29
What is an example of a monosynaptic (stretch) reflex?
Knee-jerk reflex
30
When does a withdrawal reflex occur?
When you touch or step on something painful
31
What is the function of a withdrawal reflex?
Prevents tissue damage by removing limb from source of injury
32
The withdrawal reflex is ____ in that the pathway involves ____ neurons (and thereby ____ synapses)?
-Polysynaptic -3 -2
33
What is reciprocal innervation?
-Flexors contract -Extensors are inhibited [Innervation so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles (as of a joint) is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles.]
34
What is the crossed extensor reflex?
Occurs when flexors on the affected side contract and extensors on the contralateral (opposite) side also contract to stabilize the body during the withdrawal reflex This helps shift body weight to ensure you don't fall during this reflex response
35
What are ascending tracts?
Conduct sensory impulses to the brain
36
What are descending tracts?
Conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles or glands
37
Tracts are ____ ____ ____ composed of axons?
Spinal cord pathways
38
If the name hat the word "spinal," it is a ____ tract?
Descending
39
What are the four sensory/ascending tracts?
-Fasciculus gracilis -Fasciculus cuneatus -Spinothalamic tracts -Spinocerebellar tracts
40
What are the three descending/motor tracts?
-Corticospinal tracts -Reticulospinal tracts -Rubrospinal tracts
41
Location of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus?
Posterior funiculi
42
Function of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus?
Conduct sensory impulses associated with the senses of touch, pressure, and body movement from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain
43
Location of spinothalamic tracts?
Lateral and anterior funiculi
44
What does decussate mean?
To cross from one side of the body to the other [Cross and from ann X]
45
Function of spinothalamic tracts?
Conduct sensory impulses associated with the senses of pain, temperature, touch, and pressure from various body regions to the brain
46
Location of spinocerebellar tracts (posterior and anterior)?
Lateral funiculi
47
Function of spinocerebellar tracts (posterior and anterior)?
Conduct sensory impulses required for the coordination of muscle movements from muscles of the lower limbs and trunk to the cerebellum
48
Location of corticospinal tracts?
Lateral and anterior funiculi
49
Function of corticospinal tracts?
Conduct motor impulses associated with voluntary movements from the brain to the skeletal muscles
50
Location of reticulospinal tracts?
Lateral and anterior funiculi
51
Function of reticulospinal tracts?
Conduct motor impulses associated with the maintenance of muscle tone and the activity of sweat gland from the brain
52
Location of rubrospinal tracts?
Lateral funiculi
53
Function of rubrospinal tracts?
Conduct motor impulses associated with muscular coordination from the brain
54
What comprises CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
55
What comprises PNS?
Cranial and a spinal nerves
56
Two divisions of PNS?
Motor and sensory
57
Two divisions of the motor division?
Somatic and autonomic
58
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Skeletal muscles
59
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
-Smooth muscle -Cardiac muscle -Glands
60
What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles (voluntary)
61
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the viscera (involuntary)
62
Levels of granulation in a nerve?
-Epineurium -Nerve -Perineurium -Fascicle -Endoneurium -Sensory receptor or motor neuron ending
63
Sensory nerves?
Conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord
64
Motor nerves?
Conduct impulses to the muscles or glands
65
Mixed nerves?
Contain both sensory and motor fibers
66
Most nerves are ____ nerves?
Mixed
67
All spinal nerves are ____ nerves (except the ____ pair)?
-Mixed -First
68
General somatic efferent fibers?
Carry motor impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
69
General visceral efferent fibers?
Carry motor impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles & glands
70
General somatic afferent fibers?
Carry sensory impulses to the CNS from skin & skeletal muscles
71
General visceral afferent fibers?
Carry sensory impulses to the CNS from blood vessels & internal organs
72
Special fibers are associated with ____ structures, and are found only in ____ nerves?
-Specialized -Cranial
73
Special somatic efferent fibers?
Carry motor impulses from the brain to the muces used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and forming facial expressions
74
Special visceral afferent fibers?
Carry sensory impulses to the brain from olfactory (smell) and taste receptors
75
Special somatic afferent fibers?
Carry sensory impulses to the brain from receptors of sight, hearing, and equilibrium
76
What is formed from descending roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves?
Cauda equina
77
How many pairs of spinal nerves in each region?
- 8 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccygeal -31 total pairs of nerves
78
Each spinal nerve spits into a ____ and ____ ____ inside the vertebral column?
-Dorsal -Ventral root
79
The dorsal/posterior is the ____ root?
Sensory
80
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
A collection of cell bodies of the sensory neurons whose axons conduct impulses from the periphery body parts into the spinal cord
81
The ventral/anterior root is the ____ root?
Motor
82
The ventral root consists of axons of ____ neurons whose ____ ____ are in the ____ ____?
-Motor -Cell bodies -Spinal cord
83
Ventral + Dorsal root =?
Mixed nerve
84
What is a spinal nerve?
The union of ventral roots and dorsal roots
85
What are the different names for the cell body of a neuron?
-Soma -Cell body -perikaryon -neurocyton
86
What is a dermatome?
The area of skin innervated by the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve

Z A&P Chapters 10-12 (5 decks)

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