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Z A&P Chapters 10-12 > Lecture #17 Chapter 11 (Spinal Cord) > Flashcards

Lecture #17 Chapter 11 (Spinal Cord) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the spinal cord?

A

-Pathway for impulses to and from the brain
-Center for spinal reflexes

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A slender column of the nervous tissue that runs continuously with the brainstem

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3
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin at?

A

Foramen magnum

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4
Q

What does the spinal cord extend downward through?

A

The vertebral canal which is the vertebral foramen of the vertebra

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5
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate at?

A

Between the L1 and L2 vertebrae space

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs/segments

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7
Q

What are the two bulges in the spinal cord?

A

The cervical enlargement and the Lumbar enlargement

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8
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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9
Q

Cauda equina?

A

A structure at the end of the spinal cord that resembles a horses tail which contains the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves

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10
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A thin cord of connective tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

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11
Q

What are the seven landmarks of the spinal cord from superior to inferior?

A

-Begins at the foramen magnum
-Cervical enlargement
-Spinal cord within the vertebral canal
-Lumbar enlargement
-Conus Medullaris
-Cauda equina
-Filum terminale

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12
Q

What runs through the middle of the spinal cord?

A

Central canal

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13
Q

What is the horizontal bar of gray matter in the middle of the spinal cord called?

A

Gray commissure

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14
Q

What is the spinal cord divided by anteriorly?

A

A deep anterior median fissure

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15
Q

What is the spinal cord divided by posteriorly?

A

A shallow posterior median sulcus

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16
Q

What are the three regions of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

-Posterior funiculus
-Lateral funiculus
-Anterior funiculus

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17
Q

What are the three areas of gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

-Posterior horn
-Lateral horn
-Anterior horn

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18
Q

What are the two roots of the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal root and the ventral root

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19
Q

Which root of the spinal cord has a ganglion?

A

The dorsal root

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20
Q

Which root do sensory neurons pass through?

A

Dorsal root

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21
Q

Which root do motor neurons pass through?

A

Ventral root

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22
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the unipolar sensory neurons located in the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal root ganglion

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23
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic, subconscious response to stimuli within or outside the body

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24
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

A neural pathway that consists of a sensory receptor + 2 or more neurons + an effector

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25
Q

What is a simple reflex arc?

A

Sensory + motor neurons

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26
Q

What does the most common reflex arc consist of?

A

Sensory neuron + interneurons + motor neurons

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27
Q

What five components make up a reflex arc?

A

-Receptor
-Sensory neuron
-Interneuron
-Motor neuron
-Effector

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28
Q

What is a monosynaptic (stretch) reflex?

A

-Monosynaptic = only 1 synapse
-Consists of 2 neurons (sensory + motor)

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29
Q

What is an example of a monosynaptic (stretch) reflex?

A

Knee-jerk reflex

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30
Q

When does a withdrawal reflex occur?

A

When you touch or step on something painful

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31
Q

What is the function of a withdrawal reflex?

A

Prevents tissue damage by removing limb from source of injury

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32
Q

The withdrawal reflex is ____ in that the pathway involves ____ neurons (and thereby ____ synapses)?

A

-Polysynaptic
-3
-2

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33
Q

What is reciprocal innervation?

A

-Flexors contract
-Extensors are inhibited

[Innervation so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles (as of a joint) is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles.]

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34
Q

What is the crossed extensor reflex?

A

Occurs when flexors on the affected side contract and extensors on the contralateral (opposite) side also contract to stabilize the body during the withdrawal reflex

This helps shift body weight to ensure you don’t fall during this reflex response

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35
Q

What are ascending tracts?

A

Conduct sensory impulses to the brain

36
Q

What are descending tracts?

A

Conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles or glands

37
Q

Tracts are ____ ____ ____ composed of axons?

A

Spinal cord pathways

38
Q

If the name hat the word “spinal,” it is a ____ tract?

A

Descending

39
Q

What are the four sensory/ascending tracts?

A

-Fasciculus gracilis
-Fasciculus cuneatus
-Spinothalamic tracts
-Spinocerebellar tracts

40
Q

What are the three descending/motor tracts?

A

-Corticospinal tracts
-Reticulospinal tracts
-Rubrospinal tracts

41
Q

Location of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus?

A

Posterior funiculi

42
Q

Function of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus?

A

Conduct sensory impulses associated with the senses of touch, pressure, and body movement from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain

43
Q

Location of spinothalamic tracts?

A

Lateral and anterior funiculi

44
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

To cross from one side of the body to the other

[Cross and from ann X]

45
Q

Function of spinothalamic tracts?

A

Conduct sensory impulses associated with the senses of pain, temperature, touch, and pressure from various body regions to the brain

46
Q

Location of spinocerebellar tracts (posterior and anterior)?

A

Lateral funiculi

47
Q

Function of spinocerebellar tracts (posterior and anterior)?

A

Conduct sensory impulses required for the coordination of muscle movements from muscles of the lower limbs and trunk to the cerebellum

48
Q

Location of corticospinal tracts?

A

Lateral and anterior funiculi

49
Q

Function of corticospinal tracts?

A

Conduct motor impulses associated with voluntary movements from the brain to the skeletal muscles

50
Q

Location of reticulospinal tracts?

A

Lateral and anterior funiculi

51
Q

Function of reticulospinal tracts?

A

Conduct motor impulses associated with the maintenance of muscle tone and the activity of sweat gland from the brain

52
Q

Location of rubrospinal tracts?

A

Lateral funiculi

53
Q

Function of rubrospinal tracts?

A

Conduct motor impulses associated with muscular coordination from the brain

54
Q

What comprises CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

55
Q

What comprises PNS?

A

Cranial and a spinal nerves

56
Q

Two divisions of PNS?

A

Motor and sensory

57
Q

Two divisions of the motor division?

A

Somatic and autonomic

58
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscles

59
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscle
-Glands

60
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Includes cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles (voluntary)

61
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the viscera (involuntary)

62
Q

Levels of granulation in a nerve?

A

-Epineurium
-Nerve
-Perineurium
-Fascicle
-Endoneurium
-Sensory receptor or motor neuron ending

63
Q

Sensory nerves?

A

Conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord

64
Q

Motor nerves?

A

Conduct impulses to the muscles or glands

65
Q

Mixed nerves?

A

Contain both sensory and motor fibers

66
Q

Most nerves are ____ nerves?

A

Mixed

67
Q

All spinal nerves are ____ nerves (except the ____ pair)?

A

-Mixed
-First

68
Q

General somatic efferent fibers?

A

Carry motor impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

69
Q

General visceral efferent fibers?

A

Carry motor impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles & glands

70
Q

General somatic afferent fibers?

A

Carry sensory impulses to the CNS from skin & skeletal muscles

71
Q

General visceral afferent fibers?

A

Carry sensory impulses to the CNS from blood vessels & internal organs

72
Q

Special fibers are associated with ____ structures, and are found only in ____ nerves?

A

-Specialized
-Cranial

73
Q

Special somatic efferent fibers?

A

Carry motor impulses from the brain to the muces used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and forming facial expressions

74
Q

Special visceral afferent fibers?

A

Carry sensory impulses to the brain from olfactory (smell) and taste receptors

75
Q

Special somatic afferent fibers?

A

Carry sensory impulses to the brain from receptors of sight, hearing, and equilibrium

76
Q

What is formed from descending roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves?

A

Cauda equina

77
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves in each region?

A
  • 8 cervical
    -12 thoracic
    -5 lumbar
    -5 sacral
    -1 coccygeal
    -31 total pairs of nerves
78
Q

Each spinal nerve spits into a ____ and ____ ____ inside the vertebral column?

A

-Dorsal
-Ventral root

79
Q

The dorsal/posterior is the ____ root?

A

Sensory

80
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

A collection of cell bodies of the sensory neurons whose axons conduct impulses from the periphery body parts into the spinal cord

81
Q

The ventral/anterior root is the ____ root?

A

Motor

82
Q

The ventral root consists of axons of ____ neurons whose ____ ____ are in the ____ ____?

A

-Motor
-Cell bodies
-Spinal cord

83
Q

Ventral + Dorsal root =?

A

Mixed nerve

84
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

The union of ventral roots and dorsal roots

85
Q

What are the different names for the cell body of a neuron?

A

-Soma
-Cell body
-perikaryon
-neurocyton

86
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

The area of skin innervated by the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve

Z A&P Chapters 10-12 (5 decks)

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