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Z A&P Chapters 10-12 > Lecture #16 Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Lecture #16 Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Detect changes, make decisions, stimulate muscles and glands to response, and maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What are the two cell-types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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3
Q

What are the two functions of Neurons?

A

-React to changes
-Relay nerve impulses for communicating to other parts of the body

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4
Q

What are the two functions of neuroglia?

A

-Surround and support neurons
-Help maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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5
Q

What are the two branches of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

What comprises the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What comprises the PNS?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory division and motor divison

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9
Q

What type of neurons does the sensory division have?

A

Afferent neurons

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10
Q

What type of neurons does the motor division have?

A

Efferent neurons

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of the motor division?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What 3 things does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscle
-Glands

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14
Q

What are the three general functions of the nervous system?

A

-Sensory
-Integration
-Motor response

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15
Q

During the general function of sensory in the nervous system, what 2 things occur?

A

-Nervous system utilizes sensory receptors to receive information
-Relays information to the CNS

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16
Q

During the general function of integration in the nervous system, what 3 things occur?

A

-Coordinates of sensory information
-Creates sensations, memories, and thoughts
-Informs decision-making in response to sensations

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17
Q

During the general function of motor response in the nervous system, what 2 things occur?

A

-Decision is put into action
-Impulses are carried to effectors (muscles/glands)

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18
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Voluntary instruction to skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Transmits involuntary instruction to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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20
Q

What are the 4/8 parts of a nerve cell?

A

-Cell body
-Dendrites
-Axon
Axon hillock
Synaptic knob
-Schwann Cells
Myelin
Myelin Sheath

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21
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A

A type of glial cell that encases peripheral axon in a sheath of lipoprotein called myelin

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22
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A

Gaps between myelin clusters

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23
Q

What is myelin?

A

A lipid material that forms a sheath-like covering around some axons

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24
Q

How does myelination occur in the PNS?

A

A series of Schwann cells along the length of an axon

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25
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

Increases conduction velocity of a nerve impulse

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26
Q

What are unmyelinated PNS axons encased in?

A

Schwann cell cytoplasm

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27
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

By the number of extension radiating from their cell body

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28
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

-Multipolar
-Bipolar
-Unipolar

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29
Q

What type of neuron is most common?

A

Multipolar (99% of all neurons)

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30
Q

What type of neurons does the CNS mostly have?

A

Multipolar neurons

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31
Q

Where would bipolar neurons be found?

A

Special senses such as eyes, ears, and nose

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32
Q

What would be the function of a unipolar neuron?

A

Sensory

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33
Q

What are the three types of neurons by function?

A

-Sensory neurons
-Interneurons
-Motor neurons

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34
Q

What is another name for sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons

35
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Carry impulses to the CNS

36
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Link neurons together

37
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

Within the CNS

38
Q

What is another name for motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons

39
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Carry impulses away from the CNS/deliver signals to effectors

40
Q

What are the 5 roles of neuroglia?

A

-Provide structural support for neurons
-Guide embryonic neurons into position
-Produce growth factors to nourish neurons
-Clear excess ions and neurotransmitters
-Assist in formation of synapses

41
Q

What are the 4 neuroglia of the CNS

A

-Astrocytes
-Oligodendrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependyma

42
Q

What are the 5 functions of astrocytes?

A

-Connect neurons to blood vessels
-Exchange nutrients and growth factors
-Form scar tissue
-Regulate ion concentration
-Part of BBB

43
Q

What are the 2 function of oligodendrocytes?

A

-Myelinate CNS axons
-Provide structural support

44
Q

What are the 2 function of microglia?

A

-Phagocytic cell
-Provide structural support

45
Q

Where are ependyma cells found?

A

Lining the central canals of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

46
Q

What are ependyma cells made of?

A

Ciliated cuboidal/columnar cells

47
Q

What is the function of ependyma cells?

A

Regulate composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

48
Q

What are the two types of neuroglia in the PNS?

A

-Schwann cells
-Satellite cells

49
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Produce the myelin sheath found on some peripheral axon to speed up nerve impulse transmission

50
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

51
Q

Mature neurons do not ____?

A

Divide

52
Q

If the cell body of a neuron is injured, then the neuron usually ____?

A

Dies

53
Q

What are the 3 steps for a neuron to regenerate in the PNS?

A

-Distal axon will degenerate
-Schwann cells and neurilemma remain (provides guiding sheath for growing axon)
-Newly formed axon reconnects with the proximal portion

54
Q

Why is the regeneration of CNS neurons unlikely?

A

CNS axons lack neurilemma to act as a guiding sheath and oligodendrocytes do not proliferate after an injury

55
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The site at which a neuron transmits a nerve impulse to another neuron

56
Q

What is a postsynaptic neuron?

A

A neuron on the receiving side of a synapse

57
Q

What is a presynaptic neuron?

A

A neuron releasing a neurotransmitter at the synapse

58
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

A narrow extracellular space between the cells of a synapse

59
Q

A synapse is a ________ transfer of information?

A

One-way

60
Q

How are neurotransmitters released?

A

When the impulse reaches the synaptic knob, it causes an influx of Ca++ ions. This then causes the realise of neurotransmitter via exocytosis

61
Q

Neurotransmitters can either be ____ or ____?

A

Inhibitory or excitatory

62
Q

What is cell membrane potential?

A

Stored electrical energy across a cell membrane due to the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on the two sides of the membrane

63
Q

What is the cell membrane potential in mV?

A

-70 millivolts

64
Q

Is the inside or the outside of a nerve cell negative?

A

The inside of the cell is negative

65
Q

The resting membrane potential is said to be a ____ membrane?

A

Polarized

66
Q

What is the threshold for an action potential to result?

A

-55mV

67
Q

What is the resting membrane potential becoming less negative called?

A

Depolarization

68
Q

What is depolarization?

A

The membrane of a neuron becoming less negative (more positive) than the resting potential

69
Q

What is the threshold stimulus?

A

The level of potential at which an action potential is triggered in a neuron or muscle fiber

70
Q

Neurons are ___ cells?

A

Excitable

71
Q

What are the 8 steps of an impulse conduction?

A
  1. Nerve cell membrane maintains resting potential (diffusion of Na+ and K+ down their concentration gradients as the cell pumps them up the gradients)
  2. Neurons receive stimulation causing local potential which may sum to reach the threshold
  3. Sodium channels in the trigger zone open
  4. Sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane
  5. Potassium channels in the membrane open
  6. Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane
  7. The resulting action potential causes an electric current that stimulates adjacent portion of the membrane
  8. Action potential occur sequentially along the length of the axon
72
Q

What does all-or-none response mean?

A

A response that occurs completely or not at all.

73
Q

All impulses on an axon are the ____ ____?

A

Same strength

74
Q

Stimulus of greater intensity produces ____ ____ of action potentials (impulses/sec), not stronger impulses?

A

Higher frequency

75
Q

What are the two parts of the refractory period?

A

Absolute refractory period and relative refractory period

76
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

The time when threshold stimulus cannot generate another action potential due to voltage-gated Na+ channels being unresponsive

77
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

The time when only high-intensity stimulus can generate another action potential due to repolarization not being complete

78
Q

What does the refractory period limit?

A

The number of action potentials generated per second

79
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Impulse conduction along a myelinated axon that seems to jump form one node to the next

80
Q

The speed of impulse conduction varies with ____?

A

Myelination

81
Q

Myelin is rich in ____, and prevents water and water soluble substances (such as ions) from crossing the ____ ____; it acts as an ____ ____?

A

Lipids, cell membrane, electrical insulator

82
Q

____ ____ also affect conduction speed?

A

Axon diameter

83
Q

Thick, myelinated axons: ____ m/sec?
Thin, unmyelinated axon: ____ m/sec?

A

120
0.5

84
Q

What is faster-unmyelinated axon conduction or saltatory conduction?

A

Saltatory conduction

Z A&P Chapters 10-12 (5 decks)

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