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BIPN 100 > lecture 17: blood pressure and cardiac output > Flashcards

lecture 17: blood pressure and cardiac output Flashcards

1
Q

pressure reservoir

A

maintain blood flow during ventricular relaxation
aorta and arteries
expandable tissue/very elastic
elastic recoil
blood flow continues forward
ensures pressure gradient

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2
Q

resistance vessels

A

arterioles
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
changing blood flow
distributing blood by changing resistance

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3
Q

capillaries

A

where exchange between blood and cells takes place
O2, CO2, metabolites, etc.
diffusion happens effectively

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4
Q

BP too low

A

sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction to increase BP in veins
cannot hold as much blood, can only go towards the heart
increase venous return
larger EDV
increase in pumping more forcefully, increase speed of contraction
near pressure reservoir

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5
Q

volume reservoir

A

veins and venules
some elastin, some smooth muscle
walls thinner, more superficial, more compliant than arterioles
help with venous return
60% of blood flow

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6
Q

blood pressure decrease

A
  1. ventricle contracts (systole)
  2. SL valve opens
    —-threshold reached
    —-blood ejected from ventricles flows into the arteries
  3. aorta and arteries expand and store pressure/energy in elastic walls
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7
Q

blood pressure increase

A
  1. isovolumic ventricular relaxation (lower pressure)
  2. SL valve shuts
    —-ventricle in diastole
    —- prevents flow back into ventricle
  3. elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward towards tissues
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8
Q

systole

A

contraction

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9
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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10
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

max aortic pressure
caused by L. ventricle contracting and pushing blood into aorta

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11
Q

total peripheral resistance

A

no blood being pushed into aorta and causing pressure change
diastolic blood pressure as best indicator
ventricle relaxes

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12
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic P - diastolic P
larger difference means more contraction

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13
Q

diastolic pressure

A

baseline
best indicator of heart contractility or inotropy
minimum pressure in aorta
ventricle relaxes, spend more time here

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14
Q

arterial circulation

A

highest BP

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15
Q

vena cavae

A

pulsations decrease after aorta
pressure is almost 0
resistant to flow

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16
Q

raise low BP in vena cava

A
  1. vasoconstriction (sympathetic NS)
    —-helps with venous return
  2. continuous blood flow by capillaries
  3. respiratory pump and skeletal pump
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17
Q

venous valves

A

valves in the veins that prevent backflow of blood
skeletal muscle pump there as well to compress veins and force blood to go to heart

18
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

described the average arterial blood pressure during one cardiac cycle, in the aorta
pulsatile/oscillations of pressure from contraction then relaxation

diastolic P + 1/3(systolic P - diastolic P)
or = 2/3(diastolic P) + 1/3(systolic P)

MAP = CO x TPR

19
Q

high MAP

A

hypertension
can cause rupture/bleeding
worse than low
start to damage walls of blood vessels
can cause stroke

20
Q

low MAP

A

not enough force to cause blood flow
hypotension
cant overcome gravity
cant take blood to tissues
decrease BV, decreased stretch

21
Q

cardiac output

A

CO = SV x HR
CO = Q or flow rate

22
Q

change in pressure

A

= Pressure in aorta - pressure in vena cavae
BP in vena cavae is 0

= MAP - 0 mmHg —-> MAP

23
Q

higher CO but same VPR

A

increase in MAP
increase in BV

24
Q

same CO but increase in VPR

A

increase in MAP
increase in BV
less being let out so BP increases

25
factors that affect BP
distribution of blood in systemic circulation total blood volume
26
arteriolar resistance
influenced by both local and systemic control mechanisms
27
local control
affects arteriolar resistance matches tissue blood flow to the metabolic needs of the tissue change in blood vessels to allow for change in contraction and relaxation change in resistance
28
systemic control
affects arteriolar resistance sympathetic reflexes and hormones
29
sympathetic reflexes
part of systemic control autonomic nervous system mediated by CNS (alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors) to maintain MAP and affect blood distribution for homeostatic needs ex: temperature regulation innervates blood vessels ex: vasoconstriction ---> increases BP, contraction, venous return
30
hormones
part of systemic control act directly on arterioles and alter autonomic reflex control ex: angiotensin II (vasoconstriction) ex: atrial natriuretic peptide (vasodilation)
31
control of vascular smooth muscle
GO OVER DIAGRAM IN NOTES
32
baroreceptors
mechanoreceptors nerve endings in outer layer of the blood vessel stimuli as stretch of blood vessels blood pressure regulation constant monitoring ---> tonic receptors ex: increase CO = expand aortic walls, baroreceptors pick up on this
33
location of baroreceptors
carry sensory/afferent information about stretch aortic arch carotid sinus
34
aortic arch
soon as it comes out of L. ventricle innervated by a branch of the Vagus nerve aortic depressor nerve
35
carotid sinus
bifurcation external and internal going into brain, bringing oxygenated blood to head innervated by a branch of the Glossopharyngeal nerve carotid sinus nerve
36
example of baroreceptor action
1. increase in BV and BP 2. elevates vascular wall tension 3. PIEZO channels activated ----allow Na and Ca to go in, depolarizes the cell ----generates AP, gets carried through nerves to medulla ----information is integrated
37
low BP
baroreceptors fire less less frequent AP efferent signal needs to be produced
38
high BP
baroreceptors increase firing of AP activated by stretch send information of stretch to medulla send efferent signal to ANS
39
parasympathetic innervation
SA node and AV node
40
sympathetic innervation
SA node and AV node contractile cells blood vessels
41
baroreceptor reflex to low BP
increase sympathetic output 1. increase HR (SA node), + chronotropic effect 2. increase conduction velocity (decrease delay in AV node), + dromotropic effect 3. increase If and LTCC activation -----increase Ca from ECF 4. increase Ca concentration, + inotropic effect, increase force of contraction 5. increase SV, decrease flow rate 6. increase CO ----vasoconstriction of blood vessels, decrease radius, increase resistance 7. decrease Ohm's law decrease parasympathetic output
42
baroreceptor reflex to high BP
increase parasympathetic output decrease sympathetic output 1. decrease HR, - chronotropic effect 2. decrease conduction velocity, - dromotropic effect 3. SV stays the same but CO decreases ----less blood going into aorta ----decrease amt of signals getting to blood vessels 4. vasodilation ----> increase radius, decrease resistance, increase blood flow -----lots leaving aorta but not much coming in 5. decrease BV and BP 6. decrease MAP

BIPN 100 (8 decks)

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