Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIPN 100 > lecture 16: hemodynamics (blood vessels and flow) > Flashcards

lecture 16: hemodynamics (blood vessels and flow) Flashcards

1
Q

hemodynamics

A

describes flow of blood through circulatory system
blood vessels and flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

blood composition

A

8% of our body weight
plasma
buffy coat —> leucocytes
erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

plasma

A

55% of blood composition
90% water
electrolytes (salts)
small organic molecules
has proteins (7%)
—-albumin (55%): made in liver, help to maintain capillary osmotic pressure
—-immunoglobulins: antibodies
—–fibrinogen: made by the liver, clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

buffy coat of blood

A

leucocytes —> white blood cells
platelets
both made in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
carry oxygen, make hemoglobin (protein) it binds to
made in the bone marrow
make sure your tissues get enough oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anemia

A

low RBC count
not enough O2 carried to the tissues
low hematocrit
can be caused by low hemoglobin concentration even with normal RBC count
fatigued

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hematocrit

A

look at this to assess O2 carrying capacity of the blood
[RBC volume/ total volume] x 100
total volume is 10
normal —-> women: 38-46%, men: 42-54%
almost 1/2 of blood made out of RBCs
put blood in graduated capillary tube, goes in centrifuge, denser part moved to bottom (RBC) and less dense fluid on top (plasma), buffer coat (WBC) in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

polycythemia

A

high hematocrit
having 100% is not good
blood very dense, very viscous
heart will have to work very hard to move blood
creates resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

artery

A

carries blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vein

A

carries blood towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood from pulmonary artery goes to —-> lungs to have blood exchange oxygen with air in alveoli —–> get arterial blood —–> pulmonary veins —-> L. atrium —-> L. ventricle —> aorta —-> tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood from aorta —-> all tissues —-> back to vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

coronary circulation

A

carries oxygenated blood to the heart
gives nutrients/O2 to the heart
venous blood moves through coronary veins into venous circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

blood flow pressure changes

A

goes from areas of high to low pressure
pressure created by contracting muscles/ventricles that is transferred to blood
driving pressure created by ventricles
flow from a tube is directly proportional to the pressure gradient (change in P = P1 - P2)
the higher the pressure gradient = the greater the fluid flow
ex: 100 mmHg —–> 10 mmHg is larger blood flow than 100 mmHg —-> 50 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ohm’s law

A

describes the flow of blood
Q = change in P/R
flow rate = pressure gradient/resistance to flow
larger pressure gradient —-> larger flow rate
larger resistance —-> lower flow rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

resistance

A

tendency of the cardiovascular system to oppose blood flow
inversely proportional to blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aorta

A

largest BP, coming straight from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vena cavae

A

lower BP, almost 0, no pressure
driving force decreases
furthest from the heart
highest resistance
blood has fiction against walls of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes blood flow from vena cavae

A

blood that comes after pushes blood in front back into R. atrium to be pushed again
vein vasoconstriction by sympathetic NS
skeletal pump
help with venous return too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

R = [8(viscosity)(length)]/[(pi)(radius^4)] or proportional to R = [(viscosity)(length)]/[(pi)(radius^4)]

resistance increases as length increases (doesnt really change over time)
resistance increases as viscosity increases (can change but not immediately, longer process, can change with hematocrit)
resistance decreases as radius increases (most important determinant of resistance, can change within seconds)
——-vasoconstriction and vasodilation
——-smooth muscle relaxation and contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decrease in blood vessel diameter/radius
decrease in blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vasodilation

A

increase in blood vessel diameter/radius
increase in blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

blood vessel structure

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

24
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost part of blood vessel, in contact with lumen/blood
endothelial cells
basement membrane (anchors endothelial cells)
glues cells together

25
Q

tunica media

A

circular smooth muscle
affects resistance
vasoconstriction and vasodilation

26
Q

tunica externa

A

elastic fibers and connective tissue

27
Q

aorta and arteries

A

ensure continuous flow of blood through circulatory system
pretty hard to expand as potential energy is stored in aorta during contraction
L ventricle relaxes —> no more pressure pushing blood in aorta
lots of elastic fibers, elastic recoil
aorta as biggest blood vessel

28
Q

elastic recoil

A

characteristic of aorta and arteries
goes back to normal shape, cause blood to go forward, prevents back and forth
SL valve closed

29
Q

arteriole

A

less elastic, not as much elastic fibers in tunica externa
several layers of smooth muscle
resistance blood vessels —-> significantly able to vasoconstrict and vasodilate

30
Q

capillaries

A

one cell thick endothelial cells
due to diffusion, exchange blood vessels
no smooth muscle
lowest velocity of flow
WBCs too big to go through

31
Q

venules

A

convergent pattern
smooth muscle in larger ones

32
Q

veins

A

relatively thin walled
easy to stretch

33
Q

metarterioles

A

not completely surrounded by smooth muscle like arterioles
WBCs too big to go through capillaries so they go through these instead
have continuous blood flow even though capillary bed is closed sometimes

34
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

rings of smooth muscle
between arterioles and veins

35
Q

precapillary sphincters open

A

blood flow from arteriole through capillary bed, through capillaries to the venules

36
Q

precapillary sphincters closed

A

blood bypasses capillaries
no pathway for them
blood goes straight from arterial to the venal through metarterioles which has continuous flow
some blood flows through even with closure

37
Q

continuous capillaries

A

most common type of capillary
connective, neural, muscle tissues, etc.
endothelial cell tight junctions at capillary wall have some material that will leak out/into the capillaries
allow water and some small dissolved solutes to pass

38
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

in liver and kidney —> need bulk movement in and out of them
endothelial cell tight junctions
capillary wall has bigger gaps or pores to allow for more material to move in/out of capillaries
more permeable

39
Q

capillary exchange

A

bulk flow
filtration
absorption

40
Q

bulk flow

A

mass movement of fluid and materials as a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients

41
Q

filtration

A

fluid movement out of capillaries, some solute too
1. capillary blood pressure (Pc)
2. oncotic interstitial pressure (pi i)
net filtration at arterial/beginning end

42
Q

capillary blood pressure

A

Pc
correlated to BP —-> increase in BP = increase in flow rate to capillary bed = increase Pc
hydrostatic pressure —> blood against walls of capillaries

43
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by fluid against walls of a compartment

44
Q

oncotic interstitial pressure

A

pi i
other force causing filtration in capillaries
solutes in interstitial compartment generating pressure and “sucking” up fluid to capillary

45
Q

absorption

A

fluid movement into capillaries
1. oncotic capillary pressure (pi c) —> albumin
2. interstitial tissue pressure (Pi)
net absorption at venous/end of capillary

46
Q

oncotic capillary pressure

A

pi c
albumin is main solute causing this (protein made in liver)
due to solutes inside capillary
cant move because theyre too big —> suck fluid into capillary to cause absorption

47
Q

interstitial tissue pressure

A

Pi
pressure generated by interstitial fluid
pushing against walls of capillary and pushing fluid back in

48
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

severe malnutrition cause by lack of protein intake
liver doesnt have the proteins to make albumin
symptoms —> edema/swelling in abdominal area, ankles, feet, underneath jaw, poor wound healing, poor growth
filtration > absorption
low oncotic capillary pressure (pi c) moving fluid back into capillaries

49
Q

marasmus

A

inadequate energy intake in all forms (no food intake)
symptoms —-> reduced muscle mass, skinny, no edema, lethargy

50
Q

edema

A

filtration/absorption not balanced OR lymphatic system not working properly
normal exchange between circulatory system and the lymphatic system is disrupted
fluid pushing against walls and not being absorbed correctly
accumulation of fluid in tissues —-> swelling
increasing hydrostatic/capillary pressure

51
Q

two main causes of edema

A
  1. inadequate drainage of lymph: obstruction of the lymphatic system (parasites, cancer)
  2. filtration greater than absorption
52
Q

three ways filtration > absorption

A
  1. increase in hydrostatic pressure (elevated venous pressure, caused by heart failure)
    —–Pc
    —–ex: heart failure, R. ventricle not pumping blood properly, even when L. ventricle is working
    ——backup of pressure, excessive blood in venous circulation, higher BP and capillary pressure
    —–increase in filtration
  2. increase in interstitial proteins (pi i)
    —–affects sucking things out
  3. decrease in plasma protein concentration (severe malnutrition or liver failure)
    —–absorption decrease, cant keep up with filtration (stays the same)
    —–cant produce albumin
    —— pi c affected
53
Q

lymphatic system

A

blind end lymph capillaries
return fluid and proteins to the circulatory system
serve as filter for pathogens (immune function)
lymph vessels pick up whatever filtration doesnt
—-filters pathogens, preventing accumulation of fluid in interstitial compartment

54
Q

Starling equation

A

ultrafiltration
flux = K[(Pc + pi i) - (Pi + pi c)]
flux = filtration coefficient [(capillary pressure + oncotic interstitial pressure) - (interstitial pressure + oncotic capillary pressure)]
flux = K ( what is forced out - what is forced in)

flux = amount of fluid moving out of capillaries
K = filtration coefficient, constant for each tissue, how easy it is for fluid to move out of capillary (ex: brain has small K)

Pc is only value that changes, HIGHER at arterial end

55
Q

flux is positive

A

fluid leaves the capillary
net filtration
forces out > forces in

56
Q

flux is negative

A

influx of fluid into the capillary
net absorption
forces out < forces in

57
Q

ex of flux calculations

A

arterial flux = [(30 + 8) - (0+25)] —> 13 mmHg = net filtration (more moving out than in at beginning of capillary)

venous flux = [(15+8) - (0+25)] —-> - 2 mmHg = net absorption (mainly fluid moving in, bringing back into circulation, dont want fluid in interstitial compartment)

BIPN 100 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions