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Vet Virology > Lecture 17 & 18 (Virus Diseases of Swine) > Flashcards

Lecture 17 & 18 (Virus Diseases of Swine) Flashcards

1
Q

Do DNA or RNA viruses have a higher mutation rate?

A

RNA Viruses

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2
Q

Are enveloped or non-enveloped viruses more durable in the environment?

A

non-enveloped viruses

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3
Q

What is virulence?

A

disease severity

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4
Q

t/f: no “long term” decisions are made without lab testing for viral treatment in pigs

A

true

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5
Q

sampling methods:

Talk about oral fluid collection in pigs

A

-method used for pathogen detection
-PCR
-more sensitive than nasal/oral swabs on population basis
*an effective tool for swine health monitoring

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6
Q

sampling methods:
talk about processing fluids in pigs

A

-process tissues → testicles from castration // tails from tail docking
*processing fluids are an effective sample to detect PRRSV in piglets

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7
Q

What is PUCS?

A

placental umbilical cord serum

*use in utero transmission

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8
Q

When would it be important to collect PUCS to send out?

A

if we are worried that there is in utero transmission of disease

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9
Q

detect viral nucleic acid (via primer)

a) in situ hybridization
b) immunohistochemistry

A

a) in situ hybridization

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10
Q

detect viral antigen in lesion (via antibody)

a) in situ hybridization
b) immunohistochemistry

A

b) immunohistochemistry

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11
Q

Is Swine Influenza Virus a DNA or RNA virus?

A

RNA virus

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12
Q

What does IAV-S stand for?

A

Influenza A Virus in Swine

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13
Q

nucleotide changes

a) antigenic drift
b) antigenic shift

A

a) antigenic drift

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14
Q

gene recombination

a) antigenic drift
b) antigenic shift

A

b) antigenic shift

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15
Q

Is the influenza virus an antigenic shift or an antigenic drift?

A

antigenic shift

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16
Q

why are pigs considered the “mixing vessel” for influenza viruses?

A

because they have receptors for both swine viruses, avian viruses as well as human viruses
*provides an opportunity for recombination

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17
Q

What are the 3 important antigens in the swine influenza virus?

A

-hemagglutinin (HA) → enables entry into the cell // main antigen for vaccines

-neuraminidase (NA) → allows virus to exit cell/spread within cells

-nucleoproteins → antigen for ELISA antibody test

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18
Q

Traditional strain in the U.S.

a) H1N1
b) H3N2
c) H1N2

A

a) H1N1

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19
Q

-relatively new strain in US in 1998
-spread throughout country in 2-3 years
-promiscuous gene group – TRIG cassette

a) H1N1
b) H3N2
c) H1N2

A

b) H3N2

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20
Q
  • detected first in Indiana
  • combination of other two strains

a) H1N1
b) H3N2
c) H1N2

A

c) H1N2

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21
Q

How is swine influenza virus transmitted?

A

direct transmission via aerosols

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21
Q

den onset after incubation
-coughing // fever > 105°F // nasal discharge
-anorexia // lethargy // labored breathing
-abortion

a) Porcine Circovirus 2
b) Swine Influenza
c) Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome
d) Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

A

b) Swine Influenza

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22
Q

u have a farm with several coughing (“barking”) pigs that have a fever, it’s pretty likely you are seeing…

a) Porcine Circovirus 2
b) Swine Influenza
c) Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome
d) Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

A

b) Swine Influenza

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23
Q

You see lungs that look like this on necropsy:
-lung is often apical or cardiac lobes
-not pathognomonic
-airways with fluid and mucus
-enlarged bronchial lymph nodes
what virus did this pig most likely have?

A

Swine Influenza Virus

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24
Q

What causes the cough in a pig that has swine influenza?

A

Degeneration and necrosis of respiratory epithelium

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25
Q

How do you prevent swine influenza?

A

-maintain good biosecurity → proper cleaning & disinfecting trucks // quarantine new arrivals

-vaccination → vaccines usually require multiple strains

-maternal derived antibody (MDA) → vaccination of sows to protect pigs

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26
Q

How do you treat a pig with swine influenza?

A

-no specific therapy
-nursing care // draft-free, warm, dry environment
-antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
-put anti-inflammatories in the water

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26
Q

How do you diagnose a pig with swine influenza?

A

-mainly presumptive: acute respiratory outbreak involving the herd
-definitive detection: nasal swab // PCR
-sequencing is common for strain matching
-serology → ELISA

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27
Q

this virus infects dendritic cells (macrophages) especially in the lung → pulmonary alveolar macrophages and pulmonary intravascular macrophages

A

PRRS virus

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27
Q

What is the most important disease in pigs worldwide?

A

PRRS virus

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28
Q

t/f: PRRS virus is highly infectious and takes only a few viral particles to infect a pig

A

true

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28
Q

How is PRRS virus transmitted?

A
  • pro-nasal spread
  • body secretions including semen
  • blood via injections → change needles often
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29
Q

-severe respiratory disease; interstitial pneumonia
-rapid breathing especially after stress
-takes 30-45 days longer to reach market due to virus
-severity of infection diminishes greatly after 8 weeks of age unless co-infected with another agent
in suckling and nursery pigs what virus is this most likely to be?

A

PRRS virus

30
Q

t/f: no sow herd is protected from PRRS with vaccination due to new strains always being created

A

true

31
Q

severity of PRRS infection greatly diminishes after _____ weeks of age unless co-infected with another agent

A

8 weeks

32
Q

you see this on a necropsy
-enlarged lymph nodes
-interstitial pneumonia
-tan discoloration of the lungs // rubbery texture
-when you pull the lungs out they fail to collapse due to being filled with edema
what virus did this pig most likely have?

A

PRRS virus

33
Q

What is the treatment and control for PRRS virus?

A

treatment:
-supportive → aspirin and ibuprofen
-control secondary bacterial infections with antibiotics
biosecurity:
-people shower in and out
-air filtration in facilities
controlled exposure with serum from infected pigs (LVI - live virus inoculation)

34
Q

cause of infectious congenital tremors; porcine cell line contaminant

a) type 1 PCV
b) type 2 PCV
c) type 3 PCV

A

a) type 1 PCV

35
Q

cause of PMWS (post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome)

a) type 1 PCV
b) type 2 PCV
c) type 3 PCV

A

b) type 2 PCV

36
Q

recent (2016); 35-40% genetic homology to PCV2

a) type 1 PCV
b) type 2 PCV
c) type 3 PCV

A

c) type 3 PCV

37
Q

What is PCV2 now referred to as?

A

PCVAD (associated disease) or PCVD (disease)

38
Q

This characteristic of PCV2 makes it very durable

A

it’s non-enveloped and very stable in the environment

39
Q

Talk about pathogenesis of PCV2

A

infects lymphocytes → atrophy of lymph nodes → immune suppression

40
Q

The PCV2 virus sheds for at least ______ days via nasal secretions and/or feces and is viremic (virus in blood) for ________ months

A

70 days; 3-5 months

41
Q

all PMWS cases are __________ positive

A

PCV2

41
Q

t/f: not all PCV2 positive pigs have PMWS

A

true

42
Q

Why was it difficult to diagnose PCV2 early on?

A

the virus did not have distinctive case presentation

43
Q

What are the 3 criteria for diagnosing PCVAD

A

-wasting
-microscopic lesions: lymphoid depletion → granulomatous infiltration
-detection of PCV2 in lesions → antigen by immunochemistry

44
Q

these pigs are wasting quickly - cachexia - and water consumption declines so they are becoming dehydrated

what virus do these pigs most likely have?

A

PCV2

45
Q

Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome may be caused by:

a) Porcine Circovirus 2
b) Swine Influenza
c) Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome
d) Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

A

a) Porcine Circovirus 2

46
Q

These two types of viruses can cause viral diarrhea in baby pigs

A

Coronaviruses and Rotavirus (both RNA viruses)

47
Q

what viral disease is this?
-100% mortality in pigs <2 weeks of age
-severe villous atrophy
-slow regeneration from crypts
-malabsorption → dehydration and hypoglycemia
-all ages develop diarrhea // vomiting commonly observed

A

PED/TGE

48
Q

[PED/TGE] emerged in the USA from China in 2014

A

PED

49
Q

[PED/TGE] is no longer present

A

TGE

50
Q

With PED?TGE there is ___% mortality rate in pigs less than 2 weeks old

A

100%

51
Q

How do you manage a PED/TGE outbreak?

A

-feed back intestines from affected pigs to all sows/boars
-euthanize all baby pigs at birth until sows with immunity start to farrow
-clean & disinfect everything (all surfaces)
-vaccinate prior to farrowing for at least 5-6 months

52
Q

What is the milder form of PED/TGE

A

Deltacoronavirus

53
Q

-this virus is very common in herds
-shed in feces for 3 weeks after infection
-durable in the environment
-shed in semen for up to 3 weeks after infection
-causes mummified fetuses

A

Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)
-Type 1

54
Q

-this virus causes vesicles like foot and mouth disease
-late summer problem
-main concern is cases at sow slaughter plants
-if diagnosed at farm, sales are stopped until cleared

A

Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus)

54
Q

with Porcine Parvovirus:

infection that occurs less than 35 days into gestation results in…

A

embryos being absorbed

55
Q

in Porcine Parvovirus:

infection that occurs within 35-70 days gestation results in…

A

fetal mummification

56
Q

-this virus is nearly eradicated in USA (feral pigs only)
-DNA virus // herpes virus causes latency
-respiratory disease in any age pigs in addition to CNS signs in neonates and reproductive disease in sows
-will have fever but no other obvious clinical signs initially

A

Pseudorabies virus

57
Q

-this is a common disease in early nursery pigs
-causes high pitched sneezing
-a form of porcine cytomegalovirus
-on histopath you will see blue inclusions

A

inclusion body rhinitis

58
Q

with this virus you will see nervous clinical signs in nursery/grower pigs (3 to 15 WOA) → listless // ataxia // abnormal postures // recumbency
-reproductive failure
-sporadic outbreaks

A

Porcine Picornaviruses

59
Q

-this virus is a form of coronavirus
-cross-reacts with FIP
-causes vomiting and wasting disease
-rare/sporadic cases

A

Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV)

60
Q

this is a mild respiratory disease in young pigs // widespread // natural deletion mutant of TGE virus so it cannot attach to intestinal epithelium

-recovered pigs are immune to TGE virus

A

Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV)

61
Q

-this virus occurs in young pigs
-vesicles to pustules to scabs mainly ventral on sow udders but can spread
-lesions heal in 3-4 weeks

A

Swine Pox Virus

62
Q

-eradicated from the USA in 1956
-same virus that causes San Miguel sea lion virus disease

a) vesicular stomatitis
b) vesicular exanthema

A

b) vesicular exanthema

62
Q

-endemic in SW USA but not in swine
-periodic outbreaks - every 10 years or so

a) vesicular stomatitis
b) vesicular exanthema

A

a) vesicular stomatitis

63
Q

-this is a vesicular disease
-pigs replicate lots of virus
-if suspected, call the state vet

A

Foot and Mouth Disease

64
Q

-high mortality rate
-major outbreak in China in the past 2 years
-no effective vaccines
-foreign disease → risk for US introduction
-if suspected, call the state vet

A

African Swine Fever

65
Q

-eradicated from US in early 1970’s
-this virus has similar lesions to African Swine Fever but not as severe
-if suspected, call the state vet

A

classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)

66
Q

-this virus is mosquito born
-common cause of encephalitis in humans in Asia
-pigs are amplifying host but not clinically affected
-pregnant swine: fetal infection → fetal death

A

Japanese Encephalitis

67
Q

-this virus was recently implicated as the cause of Shaker Pig disease
-congenital tremor
-pigs shake right after birth → if too severe will be unable to suckle
-outbreak may last 2-3 months
-diagnose via PCR

A

Atypical Porcine Pestivirus

68
Q

-this virus is 35-40% nucleotide homologous to PCV2
-originated from bats in China
-fetal death is well documented
-diagnose via PCR

A

Porcine Circovirus type 3

69
Q

-this virus was first detected in 1980
-diarrhea in suckling pigs during mid-lactation
-clinically similar to rotavirus and coccidiosis
-reduced weaning weights - 1#/pig
-no or slight increase in mortality
-diagnose via PCR

A

Porcine sapovirus

70
Q

This virus clinically causes mild respiratory issues and vaccination is not warranted

A

Porcine parainfluenza virus type 1

71
Q

This virus is fairly common but has not been shown to cause disease and is implicated as the contributor in Acute Pulmonary Edema PCV2 cases

A

Torque Teno Virus (TTV)

72
Q

This virus is widespread in US swine herds: pigs are the reservoir host

-causes liver inflammation in humans
-present in undercooked pork meat

A

Hepatitis E Virus

73
Q
A

Vet Virology (10 decks)

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