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102 Theme 1 > Lecture 17 & 18: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 17 & 18: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

features of a neuronal cell

A
  • soma: cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon / nerve fibre
  • axon terminal
  • axon hillock
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2
Q

label a neuron

A

check

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3
Q

features of a unipolar neuron

A
  • one axon only
  • pseudounipolar neurons have soma halfway up the axon
  • primary sensory neuron is pseudounipolar
  • cell bodies sit in ganglia, eg dorsal root ganglia found close to intervertebral foramen
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4
Q

features of a bipolar neuron

A
  • one axon and one dendrite
  • found in retina and olfactory epithelia
  • associated with specialised sensory neurons
  • not very many in humans
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5
Q

features of a multipolar neuron

A
  • one axon, multiple dendrites
  • majority of nerves in the brain are multipolar
  • sit within autonomic ganglia
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6
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

in myelinated axons, where action potential passes from node of Rhanvier to node of Rhanvier, skipping myelinated internodes

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7
Q

speeds of myelinated conduction vs unmyelinated

A
  • myelinated: 120 m/s

- unmyelinated <1.5 m/s

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8
Q

what are afferent axons

A

carry information towards central nervous system, eg primary sensory neron

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9
Q

what are efferent axons

A

carry information away from central nervous system, eg motor neuron

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10
Q

what are the neuroglia of the central nervous system

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
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11
Q

what are the neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

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12
Q

what do astrocytes do

A
  • form scaffold for neurons during development
  • supply nutrients like glucose and lactate
  • remove K+ to maintain the ionic environment
  • uptake neurotransmitters
  • form glial scars to repair damage
  • form barriers around blood vessels
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13
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

produce myelin, one oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons

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14
Q

what do microglia do

A

immune cells that can:

  • secrete cytokines
  • be phagocytic
  • be cytotoxic and release H2O2
  • promote repair by clearing debris
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15
Q

what do Schwann cells do

A
  • myelinate axons, but one Schwann cell myelinates one axon
  • can secrete cytokines and be phagocytic
  • provide substrate (a tube) for a damaged axon to grow
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16
Q

what is the forebrain made up of

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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17
Q

what is the function of the cerebral hemispheres

A

process motor and sensory information, mostly cognition

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18
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and what are their functions

A
  • frontal: primary motor cortex
  • parietal: primary somatosensory cortex so processes pain, touch and temperature
  • temporal: primary auditory cortex and primary olfactory cortex
  • occipital: primary visual cortex
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19
Q

structure and function of thalamus

A
  • paired structure
  • relay centre of the brain
  • except for olfactory, sensory information passes through the thalamus before reaching the cortex
20
Q

function of the hypothalamus

A
  • important in homeostasis
  • controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
  • controls pituitary gland
21
Q

structure and function of the brainstem

A
  • formed by midbrain and hindbrain
  • connects cortex to spinal cord
  • medulla within the brainstem controls respiration and cardiovascular systems
  • damage would most likely be fatal
22
Q

function of cerebellum

A
  • co-ordinates muscular activity

- damage causes ataxia, lack of co-ordination

23
Q

what does the spinal cord extend to

A

from atlas to L1, first lumbar vertebra

24
Q

what does the spinal cord sit within

A

vertebral canal

25
Q

what is the spinal cord made up of

A
  • inner core is grey matter (neuronal cell bodies)

- outer layer is white matter (myelinated axons)

26
Q

how does information enter and leave

A

sensory information enters dorsally and motor information leaves ventrally

27
Q

how are axons organised

A
  • endoneurial sheath covers myelinated axons

- these form bundles called perineurium enclosed in epineurium

28
Q

what is the somatic component of nerves

A
  • voluntary component
  • supply skeletal muscles
  • have sensory information from skin, muscles and joints (somatosensory)
29
Q

what is the autonomic component of nerves

A
  • involuntary component

- supply viscera, smooth muscle, glands and blood vessels

30
Q

what do somatic spinal nerves supply

A

motor and sensory supply to the whole body (except head and parts of the neck supplied by the cranial nerves)

31
Q

what do autonomic spinal nerves supply

A

sympathetic supply to the whole body

32
Q

what are the spinal nerves and what do they supply

A
  • 8 cervical: upper limbs/head/neck
  • 12 thoracic: thorax/abdomen
  • 5 lumbar: pelvis/lower limb
  • 5 sacral: lower limbs
  • 1 coccygeal
33
Q

how do spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord

A

via nerve roots

  • ventral roots for efferent nerves
  • dorsal roots for afferent nerves
34
Q

what do spinal cells divide into

A

dorsal and ventral rami

35
Q

what are dorsal primary rami and what do they supply

A
  • very small nerves
  • supply skin over the paravertebral gutter
  • supply erector pilli muscles
  • supply facet joints of vertebral column
36
Q

what are ventral primary rami and what do they supply

A
  • supply skin and musculoskeletal system
  • larger nerves than dorsal rami
  • form the 11 thoracic nerves and 4 nerve plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral
37
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A
  • where ventral primary rami merge
  • to form nerves that contain axons from multiple spinal nerves
  • these form peripheral nerves
  • important for innervation to limbs with their large muscle groups
38
Q

what is a dermatome

A

individual strip of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

39
Q

what is a myotome

A

individual muscle group innervated by a single spinal nerve

40
Q

what do dermatomes and myotomes develop from

A

somites, paired blocks of mesoderm that form horizontal bands

41
Q

where does the symapthetic system originate from

A

brainstem and sacral spinal cord

42
Q

where does the parasympathetic system originate from

A

thoracic / lumbar spinal cord

43
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter released from the preganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

44
Q

what is the main neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic neurons

A

noradrenaline

45
Q

what is the sympathetic trunk

A
  • a series of interconnected paravertebral ganglia
  • extends the length of the vertebral column
  • all preganglionic sympathetic axons enter the sympathetic trunk
46
Q

what is the sympathetic pathway to abdominal and pelvic organs

A

1) sympathetic trunk
2) splanchnic nerves
3) prevertebral ganglia
4) postganglionic axons
5) plexus
6) abdominal / pelvic organs

102 Theme 1 (19 decks)

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